佛语禅心的经典话语

佛语禅心的经典话语（共5篇）

佛语禅心的经典话语 篇1

言若离相，言亦名解脱;默若着相，默即是系缚。

说话不要有攻击性，不要有杀伤力，不夸已能，不扬人恶，自然能化敌为友。

若了心修道，则少力而易成;不了心而修，费功而无益。

高峰禅：「修行人如一人与万人敌，又如逆水行舟。」

时时自觉，念念自知，事事心安，天天惬意。

诸行无常，一切皆苦。诸法无我，寂灭为乐。

弥陀好念，勿虚彼国之金台;阎老无情，莫惹他家之铁棒。

人生在世如身处荆棘林中,心不动则人不妄动,不动则不伤;如心动则人妄动,则伤其身痛其骨,于是体会到世间诸般痛苦。

坛经者，人人皆知出于曹溪，而不知曹溪出于人人自性。人人皆知经为文字，而不知文字直指人心。心外无法，法外无心。

无妄想时，一心是一佛国;有妄想时，一心是一地狱。

得生与否，全由信愿之有无;品位高下，全由持名之深浅。

众生念念在虚妄之相上分别执著，故名曰妄念，言其逐于妄相而起念也;或难知是假，任复念念不停，使虚妄相于心纷扰，故名曰妄念，言其虚妄之相随念而起也。

如果你不给自己烦恼，别人也永远不可能给你烦恼。因为你自己的内心，你放不下。

由凡夫至究竟觉，其功行唯一离相而已。

福报不够的人，就会常常听到是非;福报够的人，从来就没听到过是非。

我不入地狱，谁入地狱

无所从来，亦无所去，若无生灭，是如来清净禅，诸法空寂，是如来清净坐。

不宽恕众生，不原谅众生，是苦了你自己。

华严奥藏,法华秘髓,一切诸佛之心要,菩萨万行之指南,皆不出于此也。欲广叹述,穷劫莫尽,智者自当知之。

命由己造，相由心生，世间万物皆是化相，心不动，万物皆不动，心不变，万物皆不变。

生死炽然,苦恼无量;发大乘心,普济一切,愿代众生,受无量苦,令诸众生,毕竟大乐。

来得不明，去得正好，智人观此，未免心冷。

生来坐不卧，死去卧不坐，元是臭骨头，何为立功过。

学道犹如守禁城，昼防六贼夜惺惺，将军主帅能行令，不动干戈致太平。

皱者为变，不皱非变;变者受灭，彼不变者，原无生灭，云何于中受汝生死?

过去诸如来，只是明心底人。现在诸圣贤，亦是修心底人，未来修学人，当依如是法。

以精进力，身无疾病，一切怨害，慈心相同。

自见性者一切业障刹那灭却。

过去事，莫思量;未来事，莫愿莫求;现在事，与一切事但知无着。

佛语名言承认自己的伟大，就是认同自己的愚疑。

不见一物名为见道，不行一物名为行道。

只要面对现实，你才能超越现实。

直心直行，直取无上菩提，可谓真大丈夫之所为。

人无善恶，善恶存乎尔心。

人生有八苦：生，老，病，死，爱别离，怨长久，求不得，放不下。

诸行是常，无有是处;汝但一切处无心，即无诸行，亦无无行。

欲知前世因，今生受者是;欲知来世果，今生作者是。

若悟真心本空，万法自然消殒。

心无去来，即入涅盘 。是知涅盘， 即是空心。

切恶法，本是虚妄的，你不要太自卑你自己。切善法，也是虚妄的，你也不要太狂妄你自己。

不住一切处心即是佛心。

傅大士偈云：夜夜抱佛眠，朝朝还共起，坐起镇相随，语默同居止，纤毫不相离，如身影相似，欲识佛去处，只这语声是。

活着一天，就是有福气，就该珍惜。当我哭泣我没有鞋子穿的时候，我发现有人却没有脚。

当你知道迷惑时，并不可怜，当你不知道迷惑时，才是最可怜的。

你今闻发菩提心，将谓一个心学取佛法，唯拟做佛。任你三祗劫修，亦只得个报化佛，与你本源真性佛，有何交涉。

得生与否,全由信愿之有无;品位高下,全由持名之深浅。

自恐多情损梵行，入山又怕别倾城，世间安得双全法，不负如来不负卿。

闭目不见色，内心动虑多，幻识假成用，起名终不过，知色不关心，心亦不关人，随行有相转，鸟去空中真。

佛语禅心的经典话语 篇2

关键词：《红楼梦》,话语建构,文本,话语实践,社会实践

1 Introduction

It has been more than 200 years since A Dream of Red Mansions was born.Now, people both at home and abroad hail it as one of the greatest literary works in the history of Chinese literature and its important role in literature and even in other disciplines is widely acknowledged.People are so enthusiastic about the studies of A Dream of Red Mansions that a new subject emerged at the early days of Guang Xv’s period of Qing dynasty, which is called nowadays“Red-ology”.However, when the work was firstly born, it received serious criticism and even was forbidden from publication and reading by the government then.The criticism was mainly from the feudal ruling class and some scholars maintaining the traditional feudal orders stubbornly, who attacked A Dream of Red Mansions as curiosa and attached immoral values to it.In spite of the banishment of the government, the book found its popularity among ordinary mass people and they read and handed it down under the table, running the risk of being punished by the ruling class.It is said that a young lady of that time was so addicted to the book that she lost her life because of it.The tale goes like this:the young lady got the book from her elder brother and was deeply moved, losing her appetite for food and desire of sleeping.Realizing this, her parents took the book away and threw it into fire.The young lady was so heart-broken and depressed that she got sick and finally lost her life[1].This is a tragedy, which is hard to confirm, and yet it shows, in a sense, how popular A Dream of Red Mansions was among common people at that time, though they may not understand the true meanings and significance of it and may just be attracted by the love tragedy between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Despite all this, the dominant upper classes at that time didn’t give their favor to the book.Things are different now.The book gains its reputation as one of the greatest literary works in Chinese literature and even in the world literature, and many scholars devote all their life to the studies of it.What is it that makes the dominant power changed their attitudes towards the book?How the classical position of A Dream of Red Mansions is constructed in the course of history?This is what the essay aims at exploring.

With the popularity of the research into western literary theories, discourse analysis is attracting more and more academic attention of scholars both at home and abroad.And what is discourse?Discourse is a way for humans to express their ideas and thinking.Usually it is of a general and ambiguous quality.The famous French philosopher Michel Foucault, a pioneering figure of western post-modernism, focuses his attention on the fragments of history and culture, that is, the quality of discontinuity of history and culture.He tries to see more between the lines of those fragmentary records and build his own concept of“Archaeology of Knowledge”.He says in his book titled The Archaeology of Knowledge that“the use of concepts of discontinuity, rupture, threshold, limit, series, and transformation present all historical analysis not only with questions of procedure, but with theoretical problems”[2].In this way, Foucault gifts discourse a more general meaning, ranging from groups of statements as a whole to individual utterance.A Dream of Red Mansions is by any standard a kind of discourse, so do those critical essays and works about A Dream of Red Mansions in the course of recent history.In academic field both at home and abroad, the study of discourse is often associated with society, culture, cognition and so forth.Wolfgang Teubert, a professor of corpus linguistics at the University of Birmingham, in his book Meaning, Discourse and Society, investigates the construction of reality within discourse, putting discourse in social settings.Also, he mentions the cognitive turn in academic field and connects discourse with mind.Similarly, in Sociolinguistics and Social Theory, edited by Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi and Christopher N.Candlin, language and discourse are regarded as social practice and ideology is also a concept related to discourse analysis.Chinese scholar Chang Zonglin states in his work Comparative Studies in Language&Culture that language and culture interplay with each other, that is to say, “language study cannot be separated from culture studies and vice versa”[3].Especially, English linguist Norman Fairclough expresses in his famous book Discourse and Social Change that he aims at“bringing together linguistically-oriented discourse analysis and social and political thought relevant to discourse and language, in the form of a framework which will be suitable for use in social scientific research, and specifically in the study of social change”[4].He puts forward a three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis, that is, text, discursive practice and social practice, relating discursive change with that in the fields of society and culture.Besides academic books, there are many papers dealing with the relationship between discourse and sociology or discourse and culture.

A Dream of Red Mansions, since born in the later period of China’s Qing dynasty, has been thrown into the big melting pot of society and culture, exposed to the public’s criticism and whose position in literature is thus built in this process.Regarded as a kind of discourse, it, of course, can be interpreted from the perspectives of ideology, sociology, culture and so on.The process of its discursive change explains how it shifts from a so-called curiosa criticized by authorities to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.This essay will employ the three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis put forward by Norman Fairclough to interpret the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.Actually, apart from ideology, society and culture, influence may also happen among discourses themselves, that is to say, a dominant discourse can exert an impact on a disadvantaged discourse which becomes weaker and weaker and finally may be wiped out.These factors combine to make a discursive change possible.

2 The Discursive Change of A Dream of Red Mansions

As has been mentioned above, the journey of A Dream of Red Mansions’s gaining its world-famous reputation is full of ups and downs.Shortly after its birth, the dominant voice towards it is overwhelmed with sharp criticism and malicious curses.Nevertheless, in today’s world, it is safe to say that the book has won every reader’s heart and no one will cast cursing words to it.An increasing number of readers join in the group of studying Red-ology, which in turn expanding the scope of its influence.The following will focus on three factors related to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions, resorting to the framework of Fairclough’s three dimensions.

2.1 Text:Encyclopedia+Mysteries

In terms of content, in the beginning, A Dream of Red Mansions was conceived as a kind of curiosa and accused of immorality.As is known, the main background setting of the book is Chia Mansion, further divided into Jung Mansion and Ning Mansion.The Chia Mansion belongs to the upper class of that time and can even be called a small kingdom.The story focuses mainly on the love between Pao-yu and Tai-yu as well as Pao-chai and some other beautiful girls, which is where the criticism towards it lies.Also, Pao-yu, as a central character in this book, is different from other people of his time both in mind and behaviors.He says that“Girls are made of water, men of mud and I feel clean and refreshed when I’m with girls but find men dirty and stinking”[5], which is seen as a subversion of the dominant attitude towards women at that time.What’s more, Pao-yu holds a natural hatred for imperial examination system of that time and loathes those people who urge him to walk into official career, which is also seen as a crime threatening their dominant position in society by the ruling class of that time.But, actually, A Dream of Red Mansions tells more than that.

2.1.1 An Encyclopedia of the Society of that Time

As a product of that time, the book is inevitably tinted with the color of that time.In fact, the book is so inclusive that it is called an encyclopedia of that society.It covers the people from all social strata, ranging from feudal aristocracy to the lower class people, though more ink is poured on the life of upper class.More importantly, A Dream of Red Mansions is a good window for us to peep into the folk culture of that time.For example, in the 13th chapter, Ko-ching’s mortuary cult is described in very detail, observing the ritual custom then.The book boasts a distinct Chinese feature because of the use of Beijing dialect and a large amount of Chinese ancient poetry, which provide a good source for scholars to research.Besides, almost all kinds of cultures and arts are mentioned in this book, such as the culture of food, of finery, of architecture, of medicine, of drama, of tea ceremony, of landscape garden and so on, making the life of those characters vividly presented before readers’eyes, gifting the book a strong color of realism, though it resorts to fantastic means sometimes.

2.1.2 Mysteries that are Open to Interpret

Another attractive point of this book is that it is permeated with mysteries, which mainly come from the blank space between the lines.It is generally known that the book was left unfinished by Cao Xueqin and the later 40 chapters were continued by Gao Er, whose writing skills are considered less exquisite than Cao Xueqin and who is condemned by some scholars for twisting Cao’s original meanings that are basically hidden behind the judging poems in the beginning.Therefore, many scholars devote themselves to the study of the fates of many main characters and making speculations as to the ending of the book, with some scholars even rewriting it, for example, Liu Xingwu.This is one mystery, which I call“the mystery of ending”.Another one is“the mystery of identity”, saying that many characters’identity is uncertain, with a wide room of making inferences.These mysteries exist, sometimes because of the use of a writing technique which purposely uses very precise words to express rich meanings and readers are asked to read between lines in order to take the hints, and sometimes because of the author’s modification to the plot in the process of writing.Anyway, it is because of these mysteries and uncertainty that A Dream of Red Mansions attracts the attention and interest of generations after generations.

2.1.3 How to Do Text Analysis

Western literary theories are disputable about how to do text analysis.New criticism stresses the importance of close reading and tries to integrate meaning and form together;Russian formalism pays more attention than new criticism to form and sees text as a special use of language;Marxism does not separate text from the society where it is generated and strives to find the interrelationship between text and society.It is in Marxism that Fairclough finds a common voice.Fairclough says in his Discourse and Social Change that“discourse analysis is in fact a multidisciplinary activity, and one can no more assume a detailed linguistic background from its practitioners than one can assume detailed backgrounds in sociology, psychology or politics”[4].That is to say, text analysis should be done from many perspectives, assuming a multidisciplinary eye.The all-embracing quality of A Dream of Red Mansions as a text makes it possible for scholars to interpret it in many ways, which, in a sense, accounts for why the book can keep refreshing all the time and does not fall into the obscurity of history.To sum up, the encyclopedic and mysterious features of A Dream of Red Mansions lead to the possibility of multi-interpretation and finally promote the book to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.

2.2 Discursive Practice:Author+Readers+Ideology

Another dimension of discourse analysis is, according to Fairclough, discursive practice, which means in his words“involves processes of text production, distribution and consumption, and the nature of these processes varies between different types of discourse according to social factors”[4].Text is not isolated.Before it is born, it is conceived in the mind of its author;after its birth, it will inevitably exercise an influence on the mind of its readers and in turn, the changes in readers’mind and ideology will certainly affect their evaluation and interpretation of the text.In Fairclough’s words, “Texts are consumed differently in different social contexts”[4].Different social contexts lead to the changes in people’s ideology.Therefore, the two subjective factors—author and readers—will influence the processes of production and consumption of a text with their ideology.If their ideology changes, the texts they produce will surely change accordingly.

2.2.1 A Theoretical Explanation of the Relation between Text and Ideology

Ideology is closely related to people’s psychology, mind or cognition.Text, as a product of ideology, can be regarded as a bridge between people’s inner mind and outside world, or a transition from inner activities to outside products, so the study of people’s inner mind is of great significance to text analysis.

A cognitive turn characterized the second half of the 20thcentury and scholars began to turn their attention to the research of people’s cognition in order to make sense of how meanings are produced.They wanted to set up models of language that can reflect what is known about the human mind, and further explain people’s behaviors under the influence of their mind and cognition.They held that language is the externalization of thought.Mc Ginn insists that“It is far more plausible to suppose that our language is caused by our thoughts—that we can only introduce words for which we already have concepts”, “Words express concepts;they don’t create them”[9].Meanwhile, in the field of psycholinguistics, scholars also hold that“thought provides the basis for speech comprehension, which in turn provides the basis for speech production”[10].That is to say, oral speech or written text is closely connected with its author’s mind or ideology and reflect his/her intention at that time.For example, when creating A Dream of Red Mansions, Cao Xueqin must have in his mind a purpose or be overwhelmed with a kind of feeling he wanted to impart to his readers.Similarly, readers of different social classes or different times may have different ideologies in their mind and therefore give various responses and interpretations to the book.What plays an important role in determining people’s ideologies is social status and social change.

2.2.2 An Illustration of the Cognitive Change to A Dream of Red Mansions

A Dream of Red Mansions, in its early stage, evoked different reactions among different social classes.Many people of lower strata liked it very much, even though they may not really grasp the underlying meaning behind the words and may only be moved by the pure love story between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Another group of people who give their favor to the book are those men of letters, praising highly the refined poems in it and, to some extent, realizing the significance of its revolutionary and rebellious spirit.Nonetheless, these agreeable voices could not gain an upper hand in the struggle against the dominant authority of that time.The feudal ruling class was so sensitive to the climate of the society that they were quick to catch up what kind of influence this book would exert on the mass people.Also, they were quick in their action.Shortly after the book’s circulation among mass people, the government gave an order to ban the book from publication and circulation and people were not allowed to read and discuss it.The ruling class of that time had good reasons to do this, claiming that the book, which was called The Story of the Stone at first, was detrimental to public morality and should be burn as curiosa.The mass people, though like the book very much, dare not read it in broad daylight, on the one hand, because of the pressure and prohibition of the authority, and on the other hand, because of their inner acknowledgement of the heterodox position of the book, for most of them were deeply influenced by Chinese traditional Confucianism.

With the development of society and the transition of era, people’s ideology changed, so did the ideology of society as a whole.In the transition from feudalism to socialism, people sometimes jumped out of the fetters of ideology and observed it in an objective way.In this way, they found a new world in A Dream of Red Mansions.Formerly, the study of the book could be classified into two schools, the one was the group of criticizing (评点派) , and the other was the school of searching for hidden meanings (索隐派) , which either put emphasis on the comments of the plot or characters, or strive to find the hidden social realities the book was based on.The one who makes great contributions to the solid position of A Dream of Red Mansions in literature is Lu Xun (1881-1936) .Although he did not write some monograph discussing A Dream of Red Mansions exclusively, he did write it into his work A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, and put forward many brilliant ideas.He sees more than love stories in it and regards it as a realistic tragedy, meanwhile digging the social meaning and advanced ideas within it.According to Lu Xun, this novel breaks the traditional schema that good people are pure good while bad people are completely bad[8], and instead, all the characters in it are somewhat imperfect.Besides, he holds that the tragedy of these characters actually reveals the essence of feudal society and can be seen as an exposure of the cruelty of feudalism[8].Nowadays, it is generally admitted that Pao-yu is a new-age person conceived in the embryo of feudal society and A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopedic book that provides scholars with a window to peep into Chinese traditional culture and that can be related to many other disciplines which makes multi-interpretations become possible.In a word, the questions as to how this novel was produced and how it was consumed by readers are all connected with ideology, and the change of ideology leads to different understanding and interpretations towards the book, which contributes to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.

2.3 Social Practice:Society+Culture+Power

Discourse does not come into being from nowhere.In a sense, it is deeply rooted in the climate of society.In this connection, Fairclough thinks highly of Marxism, saying that Marxism“provides a rich framework for investigating discourse as a form of social practice”[4].“People are social beings”[9], and there is surely interpersonal bound between them, for“What makes up society is not the people themselves but their interactions”[9].Interactions include those within a community and those happening between a community and other communities, with the latter maybe exerting a more significant influence by changing people’s ideas, the culture of a society and the shifting of power relationship.

2.3.1 The Influence of Western Literary Theories on the Study of Red-ology

In the later period of Qing dynasty, China woke from the policy of seclusion and began to learn from western countries in order to strengthen itself.In this way, some western literary theories found their way to China and did feel an echo among Chinese scholars.Since after, some Chinese scholars employed western theories to interpret Chinese literary works and made great contributions to academic studies.

Wang Guowei (1877-1927) , born in the later period of Qing dynasty, is a very great scholar in literature, aesthetics, historiography, philosophy, Sinology and so on.After coming into contact with Schopenhauer’s philosophy, he spent more than two years studying it and finally applied it into the interpretations of A Dream of Red Mansions.According to him, A Dream of Red Mansions is a book recording the pains and tragedies in life, and is the first work so far in China which is permeated with a real sense of pessimism[1].Though Wang’s ideas are still remain to be discussed as to its correctness, he does play a pioneering role in introducing western literary theories into the interpretations of literary works in China.

After Wang Guowei, there were several other scholars turning their attention to western theories in their study of Red-ology, such as Wu Mi’s A New Comment on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新谈》) and Pei Zhi’s A New Discussion of A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新评》) .These essays or monographs are the results of an exchange between Chinese and western ideas.

2.3.2 Red-ology as Political Weapons in the New Culture Movement

The interaction between China and western countries leads to the dialogue between Chinese and western cultures.In the period of the 19thcentury, a group of young men of letters and patriots in China launched the New Culture Movement, paying great effort to advocate the spirit of democracy and science, with the purpose of transforming China’s cultural and political system.This trend also extended its influence to the study of Red-ology.A Dream of Red Mansions was reinterpreted to work for the political purpose of patriotic intellectuals.

As has been mentioned above, in early days, the study of A Dream of Red Mansions mainly included two schools—the group of criticizing and the school of searching for hidden meanings, which are now collectively called“old Red-ology” (旧红学) .In 1921, Hu Shi (1891-1962) published a famous essay titled A Research on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦考证》) , marking the birth of new Red-ology (新红学) .Hu Shi’s study of Red-ology was of clear political intentions.At that time, he realized that the talking of“-ism”had a quite wide market among people while the need of actual action was largely ignored, so he put forward that“we should focus our attentions more on the actual problems instead of the empty talking of‘-ism’”, and he further suggested that we should“make suppositions boldly and draw confirmations carefully” (大胆地假设, 小心地求证) .His study of A Dream of Red Mansions was to impart the kind of scientific attitude and pragmatic spirit to the public.When it came to the age of Mao Zedong, Hu Shi’s philosophy of idealism and advocating of pragmatism were severely criticized and the new generation of proletarian revolutionists held that the research of Red-ology, like other academic fields, should also adopt the ideas and methods of Marxism to work for the career of proletariats[8].It is easy to draw from above that at the transitional period of ages, literary research is tinted with a strong color of politics and has already become a political weapon for revolutionists to fight for their power in society.

Fairclough says that“discursive practices are ideologically invested in so far as they incorporate significations which contribute to sustaining or restructuring power relations”“Relations of power may in principle be affected”[4].In a sense, this is to say, the encounter of different ideologies changes people’s way of thinking and may lead the mass people to take actions and finally lead to the shift of power relations.“What we feel, what we do and find we cannot do, will determine what we make of the utterances we hear from other members”[9].People’s understanding and interpretations for a text are somewhat related to their inner mind and purpose which are certainly, to some extent, molded by the climate of outside society.Therefore, in a way, the discursive change of a text happens along with the change of society and the shifting of power relationships.

3 The Influence Exerted by Strong Discourse on Weak Discourse

When doing discourse analysis, apart from diachronic factors, we should also take into account the interaction existing between different kinds of discourse.There is a world within discourse, where things interplay with each other and vicissitudes take place.From the perspective of influence, discourse can be categorized into the powerful one and the weak one.To some extent, whether a kind of discourse is powerful or weak, it mainly depends on the group of people who speak it.If a community is very powerful and influential, the voice they utter would somehow be paid more attention to and accordingly, would be more influential among different communities.This is the so-called powerful discourse.On the contrary, if some people are of marginalized position in society, the words they say may be also marginalized and even ignored by the mainstream society.This is the so-called weak or disadvantaged discourse.“Powerful communities in society can exert an influence on comparatively weaker communities by discourse.”[10]In other words, the powerful discourse would threaten and even erode the weak discourse.However, whether a kind of discourse is strong or weak, this is not a fixed thing.During a period, this kind of discourse is dominant;later, another kind of discourse may gain an upper hand, with the result of breaking the original balance within discourse and set up a new balance.This can be called the inner change of discourse.

In the early days after A Dream of Red Mansions’s publication, the opponent voice from feudal ruling class was the powerful discourse while the favor from mass people was somewhat marginalized.The government, guarding for the interests of upper ruling class, rejected the novel stubbornly in the name of morality and social civility.Under the pressure of so-called“orthodox”, those people who gave their vote to this novel did not dare to put it on the table, and had to copy and discuss it secretly.Yet, with the development of society and culture, people changed their ways of thinking and began to appreciate it in a quite new way.The laudatory words gradually prevail and become powerful discourse which silences the opponent voice.During the process of balance-breaking and balance-rebuilding between strong discourse and weak discourse, A Dream of Red Mansions walks from the periphery of literature to the very center of it, and embraces its classical position indisputably.

4 Conclusion

Discourse has its own journey of development, which is the so-called discursive change.In a general sense, two factors contribute to the change-external cause and internal cause.The former includes society, culture, ideology and so on, whose change leads to the transformation in people’s-or more specifically, readers’way of thinking, and makes readers adopt a new way to elucidate the discourse which thus is able to keep rejuvenated and diversified and acquires new meaning.As to the inner cause, it refers to the interplaying impact within discourse.Strong discourse gradually expands its domain and eats up that of weak discourse, finally gaining the very dominant position.In this way, the thing that the powerful discourse refers to would accordingly achieves a solid position in society.Of course, it is certainly impossible to separate external factors and internal factors from each other.Actually, they are complementary to each other, with the former being a stimulus to the latter and coming into effect through the latter.Fairclough put forward three dimensions of discourse analysis, which are text, discursive practice and social practice.The three dimensions reflect three points of view in discourse analysis-text, readers and society, through which external causes and internal causes interweave with each other.

The process of A Dream of Red Mansions’s achieving its classical position in literature is actually the process of its discursive change.As a kind of discourse, this novel itself is all-embracing and can be called an encyclopedia of that time, which makes it possible to do multi-interpretations.More importantly, it is caught in the wide net of society and culture as well as ideology, swaying along with the tide of society.When the affirmative voice towards A Dream of Red Mansions becomes strong and presides over readers and critics, the discursive construction of the novel is finally accomplished.

参考文献

[1]郭豫适.红楼研究小史稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1980:8, 165.

[2]Michel Foucault.The Archaeology of Knowledge[M].London:Routledge, 2002.

[3]常宗林.英汉语言文化学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 2004:25.

[4]Norman Fairclough.Discourse and Social Change[M].Cambridge:Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 1992:62, 74, 78, 79, 86, 91.

[5]Yang Xianyi&Yang Gladys, Trans.A Dream of Red Mansions[M].Beijing:Foreign Languages Press, 1978:26.

[6]C.Mc Ginn.“How you think”, New York Review of Books[J].2007.9.

[7]Danny D.Steinberg&Hiroshi Nagata&David P.Aline.Psycholinguistics:Language, Mind and World, second edition[M].England:Pearson Education Limited, 2001:36.

[8]郭豫适.红楼研究小史续稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1981:92, 94-95, 316.

[9]Wolfgang Teubert, Meaning, Discourse and Society[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 2010:114, 122, 115.

佛语禅心经典语录哲理 篇3

2、 清心寡欲就会轻松自在，随遇而安就能自得其乐，放下就是解脱。做人其实不需要复杂的思想，只要具备了这项简单的智慧，其人生道路就远离了痛苦与忧伤。

3、 你可以选择追名逐利，或是清心寡欲。这些只是人生的一种生活方式，并不是你的获得或丢失。不过你的获得和丢失，都在于你的生活方式。

4、 将眼光放远些，福祸本无定论，一切逆境，未尝非福，看你怎么用心而已。若仅就人生某一部分的影响，来判断一生的成败，即属愚昧。

5、 世上没有真正的黑暗，只有晦昧的眼睛。

6、 朝向阳光，就看不到阴影。

7、 要使生命开花结果，必定要经过患难的洗涤灌溉，经常在安逸的空气中，反会使生命花朵的枝条，柔弱无力，一遇意外摧折，便会凋落。

8、 无论命运之手对我们是否残酷，我们都可以把人生的每一刻过得最好――这就是生活的艺术。对具有理性的人而言，这是真正的财宝。

9、 不亲切是一种残忍的自私，因为它不仅会阻止你拥有快乐，同时，也阻止你拥有朋友。

10、 如果我们不要为别人的说法和作法而忙乱，心中必会安祥得多。

11、 乐观的人，在每种忧患中都看到一个机会;悲观的人在每个机会中都看到一种忧患。

12、 谦虚不是抬高别人，也不是踩低了自己。谦虚，恰恰是一种能容忍他人的胸怀。

13、 我们用什么眼光看世界，世界便是什么样子，一旦我们改变了观点，世界也会因此而转变。

14、 众生的一切不幸，都起源于不懂得如何在自己的屋子之内安和度日。

15、 人的一生，面对什么方向不要紧，要紧的是我们正朝什么方向前进。

16、 命运加给人的不幸，还有避开的可能，但自己加给自己的不幸，却无挽救之路。

17、 我喜欢孤独，因为孤独也是一种享受，离开喧嚣的闹市，去一个山清水秀的地方，过着简朴清淡，清心寡欲的生活，别有一番风味。

18、 真如佛性，非是凡形，烦恼尘垢，本来无相，岂可将质碍水洗无为身。

19、 众生念念在虚妄之相上分别执著，故名曰妄念，言其逐于妄相而起念也;或难知是假，任复念念不停，使虚妄相于心纷扰，故名曰妄念，言其虚妄之相随念而起也。

20、 终日不见己过，便绝圣贤之路。终日谈人过，便伤天地之和。

21、平常心是道， 趣向即乖，到崮里正要脚踏实地，坦荡荡，圆陀陀，孤*危峭，不立毫发知见。

22、 佛身者即法身也，从无量功德智慧生，从戒定慧解脱知见生。

23、 一切无心无住着，世出世法莫不皆尔。

24、 天上天下，唯我独尊，自观自在，守本真心。

25、 一切处无心是净;得净之时不得作净想，名无净;得无净时，亦不得作无净想，是无无净。(无净无无净，即是毕竟净。)

26、 诸行性相，悉皆无常。

27、 众生由其不达一真法界，只认识一切法之相，故有分别执著之玻

28、 无妄想时，一心是一佛国;有妄想时，一心是一地狱。

29、 凡所有相皆是虚妄。虚妄者，言其是假非真，非谓绝对没有。

30、 根身器界一切镜相，皆是空花水月，迷著计较，徒增烦恼。

31、 起见生心，分别执著便有情尘烦恼、扰攘、若以利根勇猛身心直下，修到一念不生之处，即是本来面目。

32、 见无所见即名正见。

做人的佛语禅心语录 篇4

弘一大师说：“人生随缘便会活的自在，能够安分守己，不被环境所转，心中就不会有障碍。”佛之随者，不是跟随，不是随便，是顺其自然，不怨尤、不强求、不激进，不明此意的人只是在听天由命，他所认为的随缘只是任之弃之，悲观之见溢于言表。其实一切随缘并不是消极的等待或放弃追求，而是，要用一颗平常心去看待我们身边的每一个人，每一件事，不刻意要求结果，关键是你自己是否已经做到了你该做的，你的心里是否满意你自己，有了这样的心态，你就不会过于执着，也就有了一颗平常心，此即随缘。

佛语禅心语录精选 篇5

生命短促，我们应该善待自己的菩提身，思索活着的意义。生命不是用来寻找答案，也不是用来解决问题的，它是用来愉快地生活的。人生多一分烦恼，就需要有一分禅心来解救。

红尘凡夫，人人都需要有一颗禅心。

2.梦窗国师诗云：青山几度变黄山，世事纷飞总不干。眼内有尘三界窄，心头无事一床宽。：

境由心造，心既主人，心无物欲，方寸之间皆海阔天空永无崖畔。胸怀坦荡，宛若长空浩日烦恼则无处藏身。我们何不也做一个这样的快乐佛呢!

3.初祖达摩说：不谋期前，不虑其后，不念当前。”

行也安然，坐也安然;穷也安然，富也安然;宠辱不惊，看庭前花开花落;得失无意;看天际云卷云舒。这才是真正的解脱。

燃灯法师曰：如果我们破除一切执着尘劳，丢掉身外乱性的贪婪和物欲，找回自己，这样就能获得身心的自然安宁，惬意舒适安逸;幸福的生活也随之而来。

一切只知道追逐名利而不知道享受的人心是最苦累的，可惜世上扔有大多数人为了各种物欲拼命占去所有清醒时刻，只留下少许时刻来追寻生命的意义。

4.证严法师说;宁静是美，安定最乐。这是习禅，修身，养性，怡悦，且最高最美的境界。

佛经的本质就是安详。我们可以在佛经中找到【安详】的真正意义和追求安详的途径，无论是谁要追求，要达到愉快，美满。充实，潇洒的人生境界，都绝对不可缺少安详的心。

5.耕耘先生说;人一旦失去了安详，同时便会褪去了生命的华彩，是女孩子，不会再蓉光照人，是男孩子，就面目可憎”

是啊，倘使生活中缺少了安详，而怀着挫折 无奈 怀疑，忧虑的心态去过活人生，那生活对生命来说，毫无疑问就是始终惩罚了。一个人要学会安顿自己的心灵，做到内心宁静安适，那我们的人生一定才会美好快乐。

6. 众生念念在虚妄之相上分别执著，故名曰妄念，言其逐于妄相而起念也;或难知是假，任复念念不停，使虚妄相于心纷扰，故名曰妄念，言其虚妄之相随念而起也。

7. 根身器界一切镜相，皆是空花水月，迷著计较，徒增烦恼。

8. 一切处无心是净;得净之时不得作净想，名无净;得无净时，亦不得作无净想，是无无净。(无净无无净，即是毕竟净。)

9. 与外不染色声等，与内不起妄念心，得如是者名为证;得证之时不得作证想，名无证;得无证时，亦不得作无证想，是名无无证。(无证无无证，是名毕竟证。)

10. 若起精进心，是妄精进;若能心不妄，精进无有涯。

11. 一切处无心者，即修菩提、解脱、涅盘、寂灭、禅定乃至六度，皆见性处。

12. 不以有行，亦不以无行。

13. 诸行性相，悉皆无常。

14. 诸行是常，无有是处;汝但一切处无心，即无诸行，亦无无行。

15. 疾苦在身，宜善摄心，不为外境所摇，中心亦不起念。

16. 参须实参，见需实见，用须实用，证须实证，若纤毫不实即落虚也。

17. 临终之际，若一毫凡圣情量未尽，纤毫思虑未忘便乃轻重五阴去也。

18. 忍苦捍劳，繁兴大用，虽粗浅中皆为至实，惟贵心不易移，一往直前履践将去，生死亦不奈我何。

19. 起见生心，分别执著便有情尘烦恼、扰攘、若以利根勇猛身心直下，修到一念不生之处，即是本来面目。

20.平常心是道， 趣向即乖，到崮里正要脚踏实地，坦荡荡，圆陀陀，孤*危峭，不立毫发知见。

21. 一切无心无住着，世出世法莫不皆尔。

22. 道贵无心，禅绝名理忘怀泯绝，乃可趣向回光内烛，脱体通透。

23. 真如佛性，非是凡形，烦恼尘垢，本来无相，岂可将质碍水洗无为身。

24. 不忆一切法，乃名禅定。

25. 一切众生皆自空寂，真心无始，本来自性清净。

26. 能善分别诸法相，于第一义而不动。

27. 佛身者即法身也，从无量功德智慧生，从戒定慧解脱知见生。

28. 见无所见即名正见。

29. 众生身中有金刚佛，犹如日轮，体明圆满，广大无边。只为五阴重云覆，如瓶内灯光，不能显现。