网球的全部英文术语（精选5篇）
网球的全部英文术语 篇1
常用网球术语的英汉对照表
网球场 tennis court 双手 double handed草地 grass,lawn 旋转 spin碎石 macadam 上旋 forward spin水泥 cement 下旋 backspin木板 wood平击 flat沥青 asphalt 正手 forehand端线(底线) base line 反手 backhand发球线 service line 球感 ball sense中线 center line 腕 wrist双打边线 doubles side line 步法 foot work单打边线 single side line 收拍 wind up网 net 跟进，随挥 follow-through网柱 net post 膝 knee单打支柱 single net post 落地球 ground ball球网白边 band 削球 chip球网中带 strap 经典打法 classical guide单、双打边线间地带 alley 包卷打法 wrap-around前场 fore court 发球 service,serve后场 back court 侧旋球 slice左发球区 left service court平击球（炮弹式） flat(cannon ball)在发球区 right service court 强烈旋转球 twist中点 center mark 美式旋转球 American twist单打场地 singles court 发球员 server双打场地 doubles court 接球员 receiver网球 tennis ball 接发球 receive球拍 racquet,racket 发球次序 order of service握拍法 grip 接发球次序 order of receiving东方式 eastern 第一发球 first service大陆式 continental 第二发球 second service西方式 western 上手发球 overhand service下手发球 underhand service平局决胜制 tie-break换球 ball change 比分 point score抛球 toss 局、局比分 game截击、拦网 volley 盘、盘比分 set反弹球 half-volley 计分 match高压球 smash 0分 love(0)挑高球 lob 1分 fifteen(15)防御性 defensive 2分 thirty(30)进攻性 offensive 3分 forty(40)放小球 drop-shot平all球落点 placement平分 deuce挑边 toss 发球方占先 advantage for server准备活动 warm-up 接发球方占先 advantage for receiver时间到 time 领先 lead准备比赛 ready 决胜局计分 scoring in tie-break比赛开始 play 比赛结束 finish轮 round出界 out三盘两胜制 the best of 3 sets 界内 in五盘三胜制 the best of 5 sets擦网 net重发球 let 延期比赛 postpone重赛 let 暂停比赛 suspension发球失误 fault 弃权 default脚误 foot-fault 罚分 point penalty两跳 not up 取消比赛资格 disqualify技术犯规 foul shot 妨碍（干扰） hinder球过网 over the net 发球直接得分 ace,A球穿网 through 发球两次失误 D更正 correction 盘点（盘决胜分） set point改判 overrules 赛点（一场比赛的.决胜分） match point没看见 unsighted中断比赛 interruption
网球的全部英文术语 篇2
关键词：经济学,术语,翻译策略,教科书
一、引言
1.经济学术语的概念界定。随着世界不断向前发展, 关于经济学的概念的理解也在不断地改变着。就当前来看, 大多数国家普遍对经济学的理解主要是基于美国经济学家萨缪尔森1948年在《经济学》一书中所给的定义, 即经济学是一种用来研究人和社会选择的科学, 并在将来把商品分配给各类成员的一种科学。根据该定义, 我们发现经济学是一门研究如何对稀缺资源生产产品和提供服务进行利用, 同时研究分配和消费的科学。
2. 经济学术语的主要特点。 经济学术语除有专业性、单义性这些术语通性之外, 还具有以下特点:
(1) 专名命名。经济学首先是源自于西方, 然后从西方引入我国的, 所以大多数经济学的教科书采用的仍然是西方经济学教材汉译本。而中国的大多数译本仍然是以西方作品中国化为根本的发展途径, 所以作品大多数是改编而成的。考虑到很多经济学概念都是通过西方学者提出的, 所以相关术语在进行翻译时, 很可能就是直接使用提出者的名字进行命名。
(2) 对义性。词语的对义性主要是指词语的意义的互相矛盾、互相对立, 也就是在词语的表达概念在逻辑上具有一种矛盾或对立的关系。”在经济学中, 经常会使用一组矛盾、对立的事物或对立的行为来表达相应的经济关系, 所以术语往往是成对出现的。比如:law of demand (需求定理) 与law ofsupply (供给定理) 、explicit cost (显性成本) 与implicit cost (隐性成本) 、loses of exporting countries (出口国损失) 与loses ofimporting countries (进口国损失) , 这些术语意思都相反或相对。
(3) 系列性。一个新词进入经济学术语之后, 发生连锁反应, 产生了一些列与该中心词相关的词。如marginal (边际) 一产生, 带出了一系列经济学术语, Marginal benefit (边际利益) 、marginal changes (边际变动) 、marginal cost curve (边际成本曲线) 、marginal product (边际产量) 。
二、不规范现象归类分析
1.字面翻译。经济学术语不同于普通的词语的翻译, 它们总是经济学领域中的许多概念的称谓。译者在翻译时, 如果不考虑到词语的真正含义, 而是根据词典的表面意思来一个字一个字地翻译, 就会出现错译。如lump-sum tax, 曼昆中译本译为“定额税”, 萨缪尔斯中译本译为“一次性总付税收”。income distribution, 曼昆中译本译为“收入分配”、而萨缪尔斯中译本译为“收入分布”。而具体地, 可以根据文本来定, 例如下面的实例:
Suppose the government imposes a tax of $4, 000 oneveryone. That is, everyone owes the same amount, regardlessof earnings or any actions that a person might take. Such a tax iscalled a lump-sum tax.
可以翻译成:假如政府向每个人征收4 000美元税。这也就意味着无论收入多少, 也无论每个人将要采取怎样的行为, 每个人都要交纳等量的税。所以把这种税称为定额税 (lump-sum tax) 。
2.选词不严谨。术语和概念唇齿相依, 在科学研究中很多术语都是由概念而来, 反过来术语又用在传播科学。有时, 译者理解原文意思, 但在选择译词时, 没有斟酌词语的细微差别, 从而导致译名不准确。如:rent control, 分别翻译成“租金控制”与“租金管制”;medicaid分别翻译成“医疗援助”与“医疗补助”。
3.语言欠简练。翻译科学术语, 不仅要从科学概念体系出发, 又要采用精炼的语言来描述, 达到简单明了的目的。术语翻译时, 要对语言进行锤炼, 从而保证术语译名简洁。然而在经典教科书汉译本中还是会出现不简洁现象。
三、经济学术语汉译名不规范的原因
1.译者缺乏术语意识。术语意识是以对术语的性质与功能的认识而形成的严谨、科学地对待本专业术语, 小心慎重地对待其他专业术语的自觉性。如果术语对人类认识客观世界的作用而不够了解, 就很难可能会对术语产生一种严谨甚至敬畏的科学态度, 而取而代之的是草率、随意。具备术语意识, 才有可能去遵守术语翻译的相关规范, 再依据术语定名规则翻译。
2.译者缺乏经济学知识。每一次出现了一个新的概念, 就要定义一个新术语来表达这一概念, 经济学是一门有较强的专业性的学科, 如果只是知道语言知识, 而缺乏经济学知识, 往往很难准确地进行翻译。例如:business cycle有些经济学教科书译成“商业循环”, 这是根据普通词语字面意思来翻译的, 在微观经济学著作中显然是不准确的。在经济学中, business cycle应该译为“经济周期”, 是指经济活动的波动, 而不是指商业活动的循环进行, 要准确翻译该词, 就要全面了解经济学的概念。
3.译者缺乏严谨态度。经济学家考虑到教科书的特殊性, 通常会通过例子、定义、图标等各种方式来说明术语的含义。译者翻译时, 结合上下文通常可以理解术语含义, 但在选择词义时, 没有区分词语的细微差别, 而造成选词不当的问题。
四、经济学术语的汉译有效性策略
1.专名命名法。经济学中很多术语的译名直接以概念创造者的名字命名。在翻译时, 笔者也直接使用经济学家姓名作为术语译名的一部分。举例如下:
Pigouvian subsidy庇古补贴
1a. A Pigouvian subsidy is a payment designed to encourageactivities that yield external benefits. (Krugman 2010)
1b. 庇古补贴是用来鼓励产出外部效益行为的支付补偿。
分析:庇古是英国著名经济学家, 剑桥学派的主要代表之一。词典中收录的以庇古命名的术语分别有“庇古税”、“庇古均衡”、“庇古效应”。在翻译此新术语时, 也以该经济学家名字命名, 翻译成“庇古行为”。
2.习惯表达法。术语翻译过程中, 词语表达尽量选择符合交际语言习惯的词。举例如下:
depository bank储蓄银行
2a. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 separated banks into twocategories, commercial banks, depository banks that accepteddeposits and were covered by deposit insurance. (Krugman 2010)
2b.1933年的《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法案》将银行分成两类:商业银行和储蓄银行。储蓄银行接收存款, 并购买储蓄保险。
分析:翻译成“存款银行”, 意思也清楚, 但不符合日常语言表达习惯, 所以译成储蓄银行。
3.逆序翻译法。中文与英文尽管在语序上有所不同, 中文通常将修饰语置于中心词前面。而英文, 当修饰语较长时, 就会把一部分修饰语变成介词短语、不定式置于中心词后面。就算英语修饰语全部前置, 有时还要对其进行重新排列, 符合中文的习惯。
4.类比借用法。经济学在发展的过程中, 大量新概念通常使用日常词语表达, 且部分词语在其它的领域还有类似的意义。这时, 可以采用类比借用的方法来命名, 由此得出的术语易于传播, 且不失专业性的特点。
5.信息补偿法。“翻译是指在接受语再现原语信息并实现最近似的自然等值”, 所以翻译主要作用就是传递信息, 实现源语功能。术语翻译的信息补偿是指术语翻译过程中, 译者有意识的运用某些译语手段或符合译语规范或规约的其他语言手段补偿损失信息, 将信息的损失最小化。在简短的术语中, 尽量地把术语的含义表达出来。举例如下:
the arc method弧段正切法
3a. The Arc Method of Calculating the Slope An arc of acurve is some piece or segment of that curve. For example, panel (a) of Figure 2A-4 shows an arc consisting of the segmentof the curve between points A and B. To calculate the slope alonga nonlinear curve using the arc method, you draw a straight linebetween the two end-points of the arc. The slope of that straightline is a measure of the average slope of the curve between thosetwo end-points.
3b. 弧段正切法测斜率弧段就是曲线上一部分或一段。比如:图2A-4中 (a) 板块显示的弧段是由曲线A点与B点之间的部分组成。沿着曲线使用弧段正切法测量斜率, 可以在弧段的端点画一条直线。直线的斜率是就是两端点之间曲线的平均斜率。
五、结束语
关于经济类术语的翻译, 我们仅仅要掌握好翻译的通用原则, 更为重要的是对储备大量的经济学术语和尽可能地学习一些基本的经济学知识。只有了解了经济学知识以后, 我们才能够根据自身已有的英文知识, 翻译出更加精准的译文, 从而达到不仅准确, 而且流畅的翻译效果。
参考文献
[1]王少爽.翻译专业学生术语能力培养:经验、现状与建议[J].外语界.2013 (05) .
[2]冷冰冰.浅探术语教学走进翻译硕士课程体系[J].中国科技术语.2012 (06) .
网球的全部英文术语 篇3
oar n.桨;搅棒nv.划;划过 oarsman n.桨手 oasis n.绿洲;沃洲 oath n.誓言;咒骂 obcordate adj.倒心形的;固执的 obedience n.服从;顺从 obedient adj.服从的 obeisance n.敬礼;敬重 obese adj.肥胖的 obeyv.服从;遵守
obituary adj.关于死亡的nn.讣告 object n.对象;物体nv.提出;反对 objection n.不喜欢;反对
objective adj.客观的;目的的nn.宾格;目的 objector n.反对者 oblation n.供物
obligate v.强使;施恩惠于 obligation n.合同;义务 obligatory adj.有义务的;专性的 oblige v.强使;使感激
oblique adj.斜的nadv.成四十五度角地nn.间接格;斜肌 obliterate v.忘掉;消灭 oblivion n.大赦;遗忘
oblong adj.长方形的nn.长方形 obloquy n.丑名;指责 obnoxious adj.有害的;讨厌的 obscene adj.不祥的;淫秽的 obscenity n.淫秽
obscure adj.晦涩的;无名的nv.使变暗;使难解 obsequies n.葬礼
obsequious adj.巴结的;服从的 observant adj.当心的nn.观察者 observe v.观察;说
observer n.观察员;观察者 obsess v.困扰;迷住 obsession n.着迷;着魔 obsolete adj.废弃的;废退的 obstacle n.栅栏;障碍
obstinate adj.顽固的;顽强的 obstruct v.遮没;阻碍 obtain v.持有;达到 obtainable adj.能获得的 obtrude v.强加;伸出 obtuse adj.迟钝的;钝的
obverse adj.倒的;对应的nn.前面;正面 obviate v.排除
obvious adj.挡道的;显然的 occasion n.时机;时刻nv.引起 occasional adj.临时的;偶尔的
occult adj.超自然的;秘密的nn.神秘学nv.掩蔽;遮掩 occupant n.占用者;占有人
occupation n.占领;占有;职业 occupier n.占领者;占用人
occupy v.占;占领nbe occupied in从事于nbe occupied with从事于 occur v.存在;发生
occurrence n.存象;发生 ocean n.海洋;海
ochre adj.赭色的nn.钱;赭色 octagon n.八边形;八角形 octave n.八度;八度音栓 octopus n.章鱼状物
ocular adj.像眼睛的;眼的nn.目镜 oculist n.眼科医师;验光师 odd adj.奇数的;单只的;古怪的 oddity n.怪人;奇特 oddly adv.奇特地 odds n.机会;投注赔率 ode n.抒情诗
odious adj.可憎的 odium n.不名誉;憎恨 odour n.名声;气味 of prep....的;含有...的 off prep.离...;偏离...offal n.垃圾;下水
offence n.犯法行为;冒犯 offend v.冒犯;违犯
offender n.犯法的人;冒犯者
offensive adj.进攻的;冒犯的nn.进攻 offer n.发价;给予nv.给予;提出 offertory n.奉献经;献金
offhand adj.不友好的;随便的nadv.不假思索地 office n.办公室;处 officer n.船长;法警
official adj.公职的;正式的nn.官员;行政人员 officiate v.行使;主持 officious adj.非官方的;殷勤的 offing n.近岸锚泊;离岸距离
offset adj.补偿的;断错的nn.补偿;支管nv.把...并列;补偿 offshoot n.岩枝;支族 offspring n.结果;崽;子孙 often adv.常常;通常 oil n.石油;油nv.溜;融化 oilcake n.豆饼 oilfield n.油田
oilskin n.防水油布;防水雨衣 oily adj.含油的;油的 ointment n.油膏
ok adj.表示同意的nadv.好nn.同意nv.批准 okay adj.表示同意的nadv.好nn.同意nv.批准 old adj....岁的;老的
oleaginous adj.产油的;油似的 oligarchy n.寡头政治 oligopoly n.寡头卖主垄断
olive adj.木犀科的;油橄榄的nn.油橄榄;橄榄 olympiad n.奥林匹克运动会 omega n.最后一个 omelette n.煎蛋饼
omen n.预兆;预兆性nv.预测;预示 ominous adj.不祥的;预示的 omission n.省略;遗漏 omit v.省略;无视
omnibus adj.综合的nn.公共汽车;选集 omnipotent adj.绝对的;全能的nn.万能者 omniscient adj.无所不知的 omnivorous adj.杂食性的 on prep.靠近...;在...里 once adv.一次;一旦nconj.一旦...one n.一;一体
onerous adj.沉重的;有偿的 oneself pron.亲自;自己 onion n.洋葱;洋葱头
online adj.联机的;在线的nadv.联机地 onlooker n.旁观者
only adj.独生的;唯一的nadv.不料;只 onset n.攻击;开始 onslaughtn.攻击
onto prep.到...之上;对...熟悉 onus n.负担;过失;义务 onward adj.向前的 ooze n.渗流;鞣液nv.渗出;显示出 opal n.蛋白石
opaque adj.不传导的;不反光的nn.不透明体 open adj.开着的;空旷的nn.旷野;露天nv.开;开辟 openwork n.透雕细工 opera n.歌剧;歌剧院
operable adj.可操作的;可实施的 operate v.操作;经营 operation n.操作;活动
operative adj.操作的;有效的nn.技工;侦探 operator n.操作员;机务员 opinion n.评价;意见 opponent n.对手;对向肌
opportune adj.及时的;恰好的 oppose v.反对;阻挡
opposite adj.对面的;反对的nadv.在对面nn.对边;对立物nprep.在...的对面 opposition n.敌对;反对 oppress v.压服;压迫
oppression n.压迫;压抑
oppressive adj.压迫的;压抑的 optical adj.光学的;眼的 optician n.眼镜商 optics n.光学
optimism n.乐观;乐观主义 optimist n.乐观者 optimistic adj.乐观的
optimum adj.最适的nn.最大限度;最适条件 option n.选择;选择权 optional adj.随意的
opulent adj.丰富的;富裕的 opus n.作品;作品编号 or conj.或者
oral adj.口的;口服的nn.口试
orange adj.橙黄色的;柑橘的nn.橙;橙树 orangeade n.橘子水 orangutang n.猩猩 oration n.演说;引语 orator n.演说者;原告 oratory n.演讲术;小礼拜堂 orb n.宝球;球nv.包围;成球状 orbit n.范围;轨道nv.进入轨道 orchard n.棒球场;果园 orchestra n.管弦乐队 orchestral adj.管弦乐队演奏的 ordain v.规定;命令
ordeal n.苦难经历;神明裁判 order n.次序;整齐nv.命令;整理 orderly adj.守秩序的;整齐的
ordinal adj.序数的;顺序的nn.授圣职礼书 ordinance n.法令;既定规则
ordinary adj.平常的;平庸的nn.常任法官;寻常 ordnance n.火炮;军械 organ n.风琴;机构
organic adj.器官的;有机的 organism n.机体;生物 organist n.风琴演奏者 organize v.组织;组织工会 orgasm n.极度兴奋;性高潮 orgy n.纵欲;狂欢会
orient n.东;东方nv.给...定向;适应 orientate v.适应;引导 orifice n.孔
origin n.出身;起端
original adj.起初的nn.原型;原作 originate v.创始;引起 ornament n.装饰;装饰品nv.为...增光;装饰 ornamental adj.观赏的;装饰的nn.观赏植物 ornate adj.装饰的
orphan adj.无父母的nn.孤儿;遗孤 orphanage n.孤儿;孤儿院
orthodox adj.传统的;通常的nn.正统派;正统者 orthodoxy n.东正教;正统性 oscillate v.摆动;动摇 ossify v.骨化;僵化 ostensible adj.表面上的;可公开的 ostracize v.放逐;排斥 ostrich n.鸵鸟 other adj.别的;不同的nn.对立的事物 otherwise adv.别样;不然 otter n.水獭;水獭毛皮 ottoman n.软垫凳 ought v.欠;占有 ounce n.盎司;雪豹 our det.我们的 ours pron.我们的 ourself pron.我自己
ourselves pron.我们亲自;我们自己 oust v.剥夺;驱逐 out adv.出;呸nprep.从...里面;从...中出来 outbid v.超过;出价高于 outbound adj.向外去的 outbreak n.**;爆发
outcast adj.被丢弃的;被抛弃的nn.流浪者 outclass v.比...等级高;轻易击败 outcome n.出口;结果
outcrop n.出现;露头nv.出现;露出地表 outcry n.喊叫;拍卖 outdated adj.过时的 outdo v.战胜 outdoor adj.户外的
outdoors adv.在户外nn.户外 outer adj.在外的 outermost adj.最外面的 outface v.无畏惧地面对 outfight v.比...打得出色 outfit n.全套服装;一队人nv.装备;获得装备 outfitter n.服装商店
outflank v.翼侧包抄;智胜 outgo n.出口;外出
outgoing adj.将离职的;友好的 outgoingsn.开支
outgrow v.长得比...快;长出 outgrowth n.长出;长出物 outhouse n.附属建筑;户外厕所
outlandish adj.偏僻的;稀奇古怪的 outlast v.比...持久;比...活得长 outlaw n.歹徒nv.将...放逐 outlay n.费用;花费nv.花费 outlet n.出口;出水渠道
outline n.提纲;外形nv.概述;描...的外形 outlive v.比...活得长 outlook n.观点;景色 outlying adj.无关的 outnumber v.比...多 outpatient n.门诊病人 outplay v.打得比...好 outpost n.前哨;前哨基地
output n.产量;产品nv.使出
outrage n.侮辱nv.对...施暴行;伤害 outrageous adj.无耻的;凶暴的
outright adj.全部的;无保留的nadv.全部地;无保留地 outsell v.售价比...高 outset n.起始
outside n.外表;外面nprep.除了;在...的外面 outsider n.局外人 outskirts n.郊区
outspoken adj.直言的 outstay v.以耐力超过 outstrip v.超过;经过
outward adj.外表的;外面的nadv.出海;向外 outwards adj.向外的nadv.向外地 outwit v.智胜
outwork n.外部工作nv.做完 oval adj.椭圆形的nn.椭圆形 ovary n.果心;卵巢
ovation n.热烈欢迎;小凯旋式 oven n.干燥炉;烤炉
over adv.报文完;下nprep.高于;在...的上方 overact v.行动过火
overall adj.总的nadv.从头到尾;总的说来 overawe v.吓服 overboard adv.向舷外
overcast adj.沮丧的;遮蔽的nn.沮丧;阴nv.包缝;遮蔽 overcoat n.保护层;外套 overcome v.克服;胜过 overdo v.做得过分 overdraft n.透支
overdraw v.透支;夸张
overdress n.罩衣nv.穿得过于讲究 overdue adj.过大的;过期的
overflow n.泛滥;溢出nv.淹没;泛滥 overgrown adj.植被蔓生的
overhang n.突出量;悬垂nv.逼近;逼近
overhaul n.彻底革新;解体检修nv.彻底革新;赶上
overhead adj.经常的;头上的nadv.在头顶nn.固定装置;过顶扣球 overhear v.无意中听到 overland adv.横越大陆地
overlap n.互搭;互搭量nv.与...互搭;互搭 overload n.超载nv.使超载;装填...过满 overlook n.忽视nv.忽视;宽恕 overmuch adj.过多的nadv.过多地nn.过量 overnight adj.一整夜的nadv.一下子 overpass n.跨线桥nv.超越;穿过 overpay v.多付;多付给 overpower v.压倒 overrate v.对...估计过高 overreach v.智胜;诈骗 override v.不顾;撤销 overrule v.否决;强使变更
overrun n.超出量;蔓延nv.窜犯;覆盖 overseas adj.海外的nadv.在海外 oversee v.监视;眺望 overseer n.监工
overshadow v.给...遮暗 oversight n.失察;照管 overstate v.把...讲得过分 overstay v.呆得太久 overstep v.超越 overstock v.进货过多
overstrung adj.斜钢丝的 overt adj.公开的;明显的 overtake v.赶上;追赶 overtax v.使负担过重 overthrow n.推翻;终止nv.打翻;推翻
overtime adj.加班的nadv.超时地nn.加班;加班费 overture n.序曲;序言nv.向...作主动表示 overturn n.翻转;周转nv.颠覆;倾覆
overweight adj.超重的nn.超重nv.过于着重 overwhelm v.覆盖;征服
overwork n.额外工作nv.把...做过头;工作过度 oviduct n.输卵管 ovulate v.产卵
ovum n.卵;卵形饰 owe v.欠;欠钱 owl n.猫头鹰
Law 英文术语 篇4
一、律师部分
案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action
案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件);the accused(用于刑事案件)
被上诉人 appellee 被诉人 respondent;defendant 本案律师 councel pro hac vice 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma;graduation certificate
辩护词 defense;pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order;ruling;determination（指终审裁定）裁决书 award（用于仲裁）裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据 admitted evidence;established evidence
草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 产权转让 conveyancing
出差 go on errand;go on a business trip 出国深造 further study abroad
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons;subpoena 答辩状 answer;reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件 pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party
吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录 investigative record
调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail
法律顾问 legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal counseling 法庭 division;tribunal
法学博士学位 LL.D(Doctor of Laws)
法学会 law society 法学课程 legal courses 法学硕士学位 LL.M(Master of Laws)
法学系 faculty of law;department of law 法学学士学位 LL.B(Bachelor of Laws)J.D(Juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院 law school 法院公告 court announcement 反诉状 counterclaim 房地产律师 real estate lawyer;real property lawyer
非合伙律师 associate lawyer 非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice 高级合伙人 senior partner 高级律师 senior lawyer 各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts
公安局 Public Security Bureau 公司上市 company listing 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公证书 notarial certificate 国办律师事务所 state-run law office 国际贸易 international trade 国际诉讼 international litigation 国内诉讼 domestic litigation 合伙律师 partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship;cooperating law office 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人 interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师 part-time lawyer 监狱 prison;jail 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 缴纳会费 membership dues 举证责任 burden of proof;onus probandi 决定书 decision 勘验笔录 record of request 看守所 detention house 抗诉书 protest 控告人 accuser;complainant 跨国诉讼 transnational litigation 劳动争议 labor disputes 劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm;prison farm 利害关系人 interested party;party in interest 律管处处长 director of lawyer control department 律师 lawyer attorney;attorney at law 律师惩戒 lawyer discipline 律师法 Lawyer Law 律师费 lawyer fee 律师函 lawyer’s letter 律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication 律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile;file
律师刊物 lawyer’s journal 律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer
律师事务所 law office;law firm 律师收费 billing by lawyer 律师网站 lawyer website 律师协会 National Bar(Lawyer)Association 律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association 律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar(Lawyer)Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Association 律师业务室 lawyer’s office 律师执业证 lawyer license 律师助理 assistant lawyer
律师资格考试 bar exam;lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate 民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation 民事诉讼 civil litigation 派出所 local police station;police substation
判决judgment(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);
sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence 企业章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure 起诉状 information;indictment 取消律师资格 disbar 全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress
缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default 人民法院 People’s Court 人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate 认定事实 determine facts
上诉案件 case of trial of second instance;appellate case 上诉人 appellant
上诉状 petition for appeal 涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人 petitioner;claimant 申诉案件 appeal case 申诉人（仲裁）claimant;plaintiff
申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision 实习律师 apprentice lawyer;lawyer in probation period 实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer
视听证据 audio-visual reference material 适用法律 apply law to facts 受害人 victim 书证 documentary evidence
司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法建议书 judicial advise 司法局 Judicial Bureau 司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau 司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau 司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam 送达 service of process 诉讼 litigation;action;lawsuit 诉讼当事人 litigation party;litigious party 诉讼业务 litigation practice 诉状 complaint;bill of complaint;statement of claim
推销法律服务 promote/market legal service 外国律师事务所 foreign law office
委托代理合同 authorized representation contract 委托代理人 agent ad litem;entrusted agent 委托授权书 power of attorney 物证 material evidence 嫌疑人 criminal suspect 项目融资 project financing 项目谈判 project negotiating 刑事案件 criminal case
刑事诉讼 criminal litigation 行政诉讼 administrative litigation 休庭 adjourn the court;recess 宣判 pronounce judgement;determination 宣誓书 affidavit
业务进修 attendance in advanced studies 一审案件 case of trial of first instance 与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff 证券律师 securities lawyer 证人证言 testimony of witness;affidavit 执行笔录 execution record 执业登记 registration for practice
执业范围 scope of practice;sphere of practice;practice area 执业申请 practice application 执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁案件 arbitration case 仲裁机构 arbitration agency 专门律师 specialized lawyer
专职律师 professional lawyer;full-time lawyer 撰写法律文章 write legal thesis 资信调查 credit standing investigation 自诉案件 private prosecuting case
二、诉讼法律
案件 case 案件发回 remand/rimit a case(to a low court)案件名称 title of a case 案卷材料 materials in the case 案情陈述书 statement of case
案外人 person other than involved in the case 案值 total value involved in the case 败诉方 losing party 办案人员 personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case(to security authorities)被告 defendant;the accused 被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder 被害人 victim 被害人的诉讼代理人 victim’s agent ad litem
被上诉人 respondent;the appellee 被申请人 respondent 被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed
被执行人 person subject to enforcement 本诉 principal action 必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation 变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord
辩护 defense 辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer 辩护人 defender
辩护证据 exculpatory evidence;defense evidence 辩论阶段 stage of court debate
驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim;reject a counterclaim 驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion 驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit 驳回通知书 notice of dismissal 驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩 supplementary answer 补充判决 supplementary judgement 补充侦查 supplementary investigation 不公开审理 trial in camera 不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing 不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest 不起诉 nol pros 不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书 application for attachment;application for property preservation 裁定 order;determination(指最终裁定)
裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order 裁定书 order;ruling 裁决书 award
采信的证据 admitted evidence 查封 seal up 撤回上诉 withdraw appeal 撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit 撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial
出示的证据 exhibit 除权判决 invalidating judgement(for negotiable instruments)传唤 summon;call 传闻证据 hearsay 答辩 answer;reply 答辩陈述书 statement of defence 答辩状 answer;reply 大法官 associate justices;justice 大检察官 deputy chief procurator 代理控告 agency for accusation 代理申诉 agency for appeal 代理审判员 acting judge
代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure 当事人陈述 statement of the parties
当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court 地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction 地区检察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate 第三人 third party 调查笔录 record of investigation
定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date 定罪证据 incriminating evidence;inculpatory evidence 冻结 freeze 督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge 独任庭 sole-judge bench 独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action 对席判决 judgement inter parties 二审 trial of second instance 二审案件 case of trial of second insurance
罚款 impose a fine 法定证据 statutory legal evidence 法定证据制度 system of legal evidence 法官 judges 法警 bailiff;court police 法律文书 legal instruments/papers 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal consulting 法庭辩论 court debate 法庭调查 court investigation 法庭审理笔录 court record 法庭审理方式 mode of court trial
法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal 法院 court 法院公告 court announcement 反诉 counterclaim 反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim 反诉状 counterclaim 犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect 附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action 复查 reexamination;recheck 复验 reinspect 高级法官 senior judge 高级检察官 senior procurator 高级人民法院 Higher People’s Court 告诉案件 case of complaint 告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint 告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division
工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children
公安部 Ministry of Public Security 公安分局 public security sub-bureau
公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 公开审理 trial in public
公开审判制度 open trial system 公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公诉词 statement of public prosecution 公证机关 public notary office
共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction 管辖 jurisdiction
国际司法协助 international judicial assistance 海事法院 maritime court
合议庭 collegial panel 合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench 和解 composition;compromise 核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties 恢复执行 resumption of execution 回避 withdrawal 混合式诉讼 mixed action 基层人民法院 basic People’s Court 羁押期限 term in custody 级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels
监视居住 living at home under surveillance 监狱 prison 检察官 procurator 检察权 prosecutorial power 检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee 检察院 procuratorate 检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate
简易程序 summary procedure 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 经济审判庭 economic tribunal 径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions;judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 拘传 summon by force;summon by warrant 拘留所 detention house 举报 information/report of an offence
举证责任 burden of proof;onus probandi 决定书 decision 军事法院 military procuratorate 开庭审理 open a court session 开庭通知 notice of court session 勘验笔录 record of inquest 看守所 detention house 可执行财产 executable property 控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings 控诉证据 incriminating evidence 控诉职能 accusation function 扣押 distrain on;attachment 扣押物 distress/distraint 宽限期 period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm 劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence
累积证据 cumulative evidence 立案报告 place a case on file 立案管辖 functional jurisdiction 立案决定书 written decision of case-filing 立案侦查 report of placing a case on file 利害关系人 interested party 临时裁决书 interim award
律师见证书 lawyer’s written attestation;lawyer’s written authentication
律师事务所 law office;law firm 律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer 免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty 民事案件 civil case
民事审判庭 civil tribunal 民事诉讼 civil action 民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law 扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police 派出法庭 detached tribunal 派出所 police station
判决 judgement;determination 判决书 judgement;determination;verdict
(指陪审团作出的)旁证 circumstantial evidence 陪审员 juror 批准逮捕 approval of arrest 破案 clear up a criminal case;solve a criminal case 破产 bankruptcy;insolvency 普通程序 general/ordinary procedure 普通管辖 general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation 起诉 filing of a lawsuit 起诉 sue;litigate;prosecute;institution of proceedings 起诉状 indictment;information 区县检察院 grassroots People’s Procuratorate
取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判决 default judgement 人民调解委员会 People’s Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
上诉 appeal 上诉人 appellant 上诉状 petition for appeal 少管所 juvenile prison 社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security
涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests 涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings 涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings
申请人 applicant;petitioner 申请书 petition;application for arbitration 申请执行人 execution applicant 申诉人宣誓书 claimant’s affidavit of authenticity
申诉书 appeal for revision;petition for revision 神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence 神示制度 ordeal system 审查案件 case review 审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest 审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution 审理通知书 notice of hearing
审判长 presiding judge 审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session 审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction 审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision 审判委员会 judicial committee 审判员 judge 审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order 胜诉方 winning party
省市自治区检察院 higher People’s Procuratorate 失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death 实（质）体证据 substantial evidence 实物证据 tangible evidence 实在证据 real evidence 示意证据 demonstrative evidence 视听证据 audio-visual evidence 收容所 collecting post;safe retreat
首席大法官 chief justice 首席检察官 chief procurator
受害人的近亲属 victim’s immediate family 受理 acceptance 受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee 书记员 court clerk 书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules
书证 documentary evidence 司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法机关 judicial organizatons 司法警察 judicial police 司法局 judicial bureau
司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 司法协助 judicial assistance 死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence 死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence 送达 service of process
送达传票 service of summons/subpoena 送达诉状 service of bill of complaint 搜查 search 诉 sue;suit;action;lawsuit 诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼 litigation;lawsuit;sue;action 诉讼保全 attachment 诉讼参加人 litigious participants 诉讼代理人 agent ad litem 诉状 complaint;bill of complaint;state of claim
特别程序 special procedures 提起公诉institute a public prosecution 铁路法院 railway court 铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate 庭审程序 procedure of court trial 通缉 wanted for arrest 投案 appearance
退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation
委托辩护 entrusted defense 未成年人法庭 juvenile court 无行政职务的法官 associate judge 无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决 acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ” 物证 material evidence
先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution 先予执行 advanced execution 刑事案件 criminal case 刑事拘留 criminal detention
刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures 刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal 刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings 刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint 行政案件 administrative case 行政审判庭 administrative tribunal 行政诉讼 administrative proceedings 行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters
询问证人 inquire/question a witness 训诫 reprimand 讯问笔录 record of interrogation 询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect 言词证据 verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena 一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding 一审 trial of first instance 一审案件 case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action 有罪判决 sentence;finding of “guilty” 予审 preliminary examinantion;pretrial 原告 plaintiff 院长 court president 阅卷笔录 record of file review(by lawyers)再审案件 case of retrial 再审申请书 petition for retrial 责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance 债权人会议 creditors’ meeting 侦查阶段 investigation stage 侦查终结 conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据 evidence 证据保全 preserve evidence 证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation 证人证言 testimony of witness;affidavit 支付令 payment order/warrant 知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal 执行程序 procedure execution 执行逮捕 execution of arrest 执行和解 conciliation of execution
执行回转 recovery of execution 执行庭 executive tribunal 执行异议 objection to execution 执行员 executor
执行中止 discontinuance of execution 执行终结 conclusion of execution 指定辩护 appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator 中级人民法院 intermediate People’s Court 中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁被诉人 respondent;defendant 仲裁裁决 award 仲裁申请书 arbitration
仲裁申诉人 claimant;plaintiff 仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal 仲裁委员会 arbitration committee 仲裁协议 arbitration agreement;clauses of arbitration 仲裁员 arbitrator
主诉检察官 principal procurator 助理检察官 assistant procurator 助理审判员 assistant judge 专门法院 special court专门管辖 specific jurisdiction 专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction 追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility 自首 confession to justice 自诉案件 private-prosecuting case
自行辩护 self-defense 自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件 self-investigating case 最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院 the Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最后裁决书 final award
三、民事法律
法律渊源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law;precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law;indigenous law 继受法 adopted law
实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 英吉利法 English law 衡平法 equity;law of equity
日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm
民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice
等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 act 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation
撤销权 right of claiming cancellation 否认权 right of claiming cancellation 解除权 right of renouncement 代位权 subrogated right 选择权 right of choice 承认权 right of admission 终止权 right of termination 抗辩权 right of defense
一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense 永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权 tested right 期待权 expectant right 专属权 exclusive right 非专属权 non-exclusive right 人身权利 personal right 人权 human right 人格权 right of personality
生命健康权 right of life and health 姓名权 right of name 名称权 right of name 肖像权 right of portraiture 自由权 right of freedom 名誉权 right reputation 隐私权 right of privacy 私生活秘密权 right of privacy 贞操权 virginity right 身份权 right of status 亲权 parental power;parental right 亲属权 right of relative 探视权 visitation right 配偶权 right of spouse 荣誉权 right of honor
权利的保护 protection of right 公力救济 public protection 私力救济 self-protection 权利本位 standard of right 社会本位 standard of society 无责任行为 irresponsible right 正当防卫 justifiable right;ligitimate defence 防卫行为 act of defence
自为行为 self-conducting act 紧急避险 act of rescue;necessity 自助行为 act of self-help 不可抗力 force majeure 意外事件 accident 行为能力 capacity for act
意思能力 capacity of will 民事行为 civil act 意思表示 declaration of intention 意思表示一致 meeting of minds;consensus 完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act 限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for act 准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person 保佐 protection 自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力 incapacity for act 禁治产人 interdicted person 自然人 natural person 公民 citizen 住所 domicile 居所 residence 经常居住地 frequently dwelling place 户籍 census register 监护 guardianship 个体工商户 individual business
农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household 合伙 partnership 合伙人 partner 合伙协议 partnership agreement 合伙财产 property of partnership
合伙债务 debt of partnership 入伙 join partnership 退伙 withdrawal from partnership 合伙企业 partnership business establishment 个人合伙 partnership 法人合伙 partnership of legal person 特别合伙 special partnership
普通合伙 general partnership 有限合伙 limited partnership 民事合伙 civil partnership
隐名合伙 sleeping partnership;dormant partnership 私营企业 private enterprise;proprietorship 法人 legal person 企业法人 legal body of enterprise 企业集团 group of enterprise 关联企业 affiliate enterprise 个人独资企业 individual business establishment
国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社团法人 legal body of mass organization 财团法人legal body of financial group 联营 joint venture
法人型联营 association of legal persons 合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership 协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社 cooperative 民事法律行为 civil legal act 单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act 多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act 有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration;civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act 诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act 不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act 主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act 从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act
附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act 附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act 无效行为 ineffective act
可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act 违法行为 illegal act;unlawful act 侵权行为 tort 欺诈 fraud 胁迫 duress 乘人之危 taking advantage of others’ precarious position 以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention
恶意串通 malicious collaboration 重大误解 gross misunderstanding 显失公平obvious unjust 误传 misrepresentation 代理 agency 本人 principal 被代理人 principal 受托人 trustee 代理人 agent 本代理人 original agent 法定代理人 statutory agent;legal agent 委托代理人 agent by mandate 指定代理人 designated agent 复代理人 subagent
再代理人 subagent 转代理人 subagent 代理权 right of agency 授权行为 act of authorization 授权委托书 power of attorney 代理行为 act of agency 委托代理 agency by mandate
本代理 original agency 复代理 subagency 次代理 subagency 有权代理 authorized agency 表见代理 agency by estoppel;apparent agency 律师代理 agency by lawyer 普通代理 general agency 全权代理 general agency
全权代理委托书 general power of attorney 共同代理 joint agency 独家代理 sole agency 居间 brokerage 居间人 broker 行纪 commission;broker house 信托 trust
时效 time limit;prescription;limitation 时效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断 interruption of limitation/prescription 时效延长 extension of limitation 取得时效 acquisitive prescription 时效终止 lapse of time;termination of prescription 期日 date 期间 term 涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements
冲突规范 rule of conflict 准据法applicable law;governing law 反致 renvoi;remission 转致 transmission 识别 identification 公共秩序保留 reserve of public order
法律规避 evasion of law 国籍 nationality 国有化 nationalization 法律责任 legal liability 民事责任 civil liability/responsibility 行政责任 administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility
违约责任 liability of breach of contract;responsibility of default 有限责任 limited liability 无限责任 unlimited liability 按份责任 shared/several liability
连带责任 joint and several liability 过失责任 liability for negligence;negligent liability 过错责任 fault liability;liability for fault 单独过错 sole fault 共同过错 joint fault 混合过错 mixed fault 被害人过错 victim’s fault 第三人过错 third party’s fault 推定过错 presumptive fault 恶意 bad faith;malice
故意 deliberate intention;intention;willfulness 过失 negligence 重大过失 gross negligence 疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence
过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption 损害事实 facts of damage 有形损失 tangible damage/loss 无形损失 intangible damage/loss 财产损失 property damage/loss 人身损失 personal damage/loss 精神损失 spiritual damage/loss
民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害 cease the infringing act 排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance;removal of obstacle 消除危险 elimination of danger 返还财产 restitution of property 恢复原状 restitution;restitution of original state 赔偿损失 compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss
支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage 消除影响 eliminate ill effects 恢复名誉 rehabilitate one’s reputation 赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology
物权 jus ad rem;right in rem;real right
物权制度 real right system;right in rem system
一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right 物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem
物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法 jus rerem 物 property 生产资料 raw material for production 生活资料 means of livelihood;means of subsistence
流通物 res in commercium;a thing in commerce 限制流通物 limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物 res extra commercium;a thing out of commerce 资产 asset 固定资产 fixed asset 流动资产current asset;floating asset 动产 movables;chattel 不动产 immovable;real estate 特定物 res certae;a certain thing 种类物 genus;indefinite thing
可分物 res divisibiles;divisible things 不可分物 res indivisibiles;indivisible things 主物 res capitalis;a principal thing 从物 res accessoria;an accessory thing 原物 original thing 孳息 fruits 天然孳息 natural fruits 法定孳息 legal fruits 无主物 bona vacatia;vacant goods;ownerless goods 遗失物 lost property 漂流物 drifting object 埋藏物 fortuna;hidden property 货币 currency
证券 securities 债券 bond 物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right
自物权 jus in re propria;right of full ownership 所有权 dominium;ownership;title
所有权凭证 document of title;title of ownership 占有权 dominium utile;equitable ownership 使用权right of use;right to use of 收益权 right to earnings;right to yields 处分权 right of disposing;jus dispodendi 善意占有 possession in good faith
恶意占有 malicious possession 按份共有 several possession 共同共有 joint possession 他物权 jus in re aliena 用益物权 real right for usufruct 使用权 right to use;right of use 土地使用权 right to the use of land 林权 forest ownership 采矿权 mining ownership
经营权 managerial authority;power of management 承包经营权 right to contracted management
相邻权 neighboring right;relatedright 地上权 superficies
永佃权 jus emphyteuticum;right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权 servitude;easement 人役权 servitus personarum;personal servitude 担保物权 real right for security 物的担保 security for thing 物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing
抵押权 hypotheca;hypothecation;right to mortgage 抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage 抵押人 mortgagor 抵押权人 mortgagee 抵押标的物 collateral;estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力 deffect of right to mortgage 抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage 抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭 extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记 registration of estate under mortgage 抵押优先权 priority of mortgage 留置权 lien 一般留置权 general lien 特别留置权 special lien 质权 hypotheque;pledge;right of pledge 佃权 tenant right
债权 jus in personam;right to give or procure;claim;creditor’s right
债权人 creditor 债务人 debtor 相对人 counterpart;offeree 给付 give;pay
债务 debt;liability;obligation 债务的偿还 payment of debt 债务的偿清 discharge of debt 债务的担保 guarantee of debt 债务的合并 consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期 debt maturity 债务的免除 exemption of debt 债的分类 obligatio;obligation 法定之债 legal obligation 任意之债 voluntary obligation 简单之债 simple obligation 选择之债 alternative obligation 主债 prime/principal obligation 从债 accessory obligation 单一之债 single obligation 按份之债 several obligation 连带之债 joint obligation
特定之债 certain obligation 种类之债 indefinite obligation 合同之债 contractual obligation 侵权行为之债 tort obligation
损害赔偿之债 obligation of compensation for injury;obligation of damages 人身损害 damage to person 精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage
医药费 hospital treatment expense 医疗费 medical charge 抚恤金 pension
慰问金 consolation money 产品瑕疵 defect of product 不当得利 unjust enrichment 无因管理 voluntary service
债的担保 guarantee of obligation 财产担保 property guarantee 信用担保 credit guarantee 让与担保 alienation guarantee 保证 guaranty 明示保证 express guaranty
默示保证 implied guaranty 保证人 guarantor 保证合同 contract of guaranty/suretyship 保证金 guaranty bond;security deposit 押金 deposit;foregift 预付款advanced payment 定金 earnest money;deposit 违约金 liquidated damages
法定违约金 liquidated damages by law 约定违约金 liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行 performance of obligation 实际履行原则 doctrine of specific performance 情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances 不当履行 misfeasance 清偿 discharge;satisfaction
提存 debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵销 setoff
知识产权 intellectual property
知识产权国际保护 international protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine 自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费 royalties
智力成果 intellectual property 著作权 copyright 版权 copyright 著作权人 copyright owner 创作 creation 作品 opus;product;work 著作人格权 right of personality of copyright 发表权 right of publication 署名权 right of authorship;right of paternity
修改权 right of modification;right of revision 完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity 不可侵犯权 inviolability 收回权 right of recall;right of retrieval
自费出版 publish a book at the author’s own expense 著作财产权 property right in work 使用收益分享权 right to share usufruct 利用权 right to make use of
获得报酬权 right to get payment 重播权 right of rebroadcasting 录制权 right of fixation 机械复制权 right of mechanograph;right of mechanical reproduction
著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃 plagiary;plagiarism 盗版 pirate 盗版VCD pirated VCD 伪造 forge工业产权 industrial property 专利权 patent right 优先权日 priority date 申请在先原则 prior application rule 使用在先 priority of use 新颖性 novelty 创造性 creativity实用性 practicability 发明创造 invention and creation 实用新型 utility model 外观设计 design;industrial design 发明权 right of invention 发现权 right of discovery 专利申请 patent application 专利异议 objection to a patent 专利公告 patent gazette 专利续展费 renewal fee of patent
专利许可协议 patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍 know-how 专有技术 know-how 专利证书 certificate of patent 专利事务所 patent office 专利代理 patent agency 中华人民共和国专利局 Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China
商标权 trademark right 商标国际注册 international registration of trademark
商品商标 commodity trademark 服务商标 service trademark 驰名商标 reputed trademark 广告商标 advertisement trademark近似商标 similar trademark
商标评审委员会 trade review and appraisal board 商标审查 trademark examination
商标侵权 trademark infringement 商标注册 registered trademark 商标公告 trademark gazette 注册商标使用许可 licensing of registered trademark 注册商标转让 assignment of registered trademark
商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement 商标事务所 trademark office 商标代理 trademark agency
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养 marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法 marital law;marriage law 包办婚姻 arranged marriage
财产分割 partition;dismemberment of property 重婚 bigamy 独生子女 only child
法律婚 legal marriage 非婚生子女 illegitimate child 夫妻共同财产 community property
夫妻关系 conjugal relationship 夫妻分居 divorce a mensa et thoro;divorce from bed and board 复婚 resumption of marriage 感情破裂 incompatibility
婚后财产公证 notarization of postnuptial properties 婚姻登记 marriage registration 婚生子女 ligitimate child 计划生育 birth control 结婚 marry 离婚 divorce 买卖婚姻 mercenary marriage 拟制血亲 blood relations in fiction of law
旁系血亲 collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻 marriage with foreign elements 配偶 spouse 事实婚 de facto marriage 诉讼离婚 divorce by litigation
探视权 visitation right 同居 cohabitation 晚婚 late marriage 无效婚姻 void marriage 协议离婚 divorce by agreement 一夫一妻制 monogamy 早婚 early marriage 直系血亲 lineal descent 自然血亲 natural blood relation 收养法 adoption law 收养协议 adoption agreement 收养人 adoptive parent 送养人 person or institution placing out a child for adoption
涉外收养 adoption with foreign elements 继承法 inheritance law;law of succession
法定继承 legal seccession 遗嘱继承 intestate succession 遗赠继承 succession by devise 自然继承 natural succession 代位继承 representation;succession by subrogation 世袭继承 hereditary succession 间接继承 indirect succession 转继承 subsuccession 共同继承 joint succession 单独继承 single succession 继承人 heir;successor
第二顺序继承人 successor second in order 第一顺序继承人 successor first in order 继承参与人 succession participant 遗产 inheritance;heritage 遗产继承人 heir to property;inheritor 遗言 last will and testament 遗书 last words 遗赠 bequest;legacy;devise 遗赠抚养协议 legacy-support ageement
四、商事法律
会计法 accounting law 税法 tax law;taxation law 反不正当竞争法 anti-unfair competition law
消费者权益保护法 consumer’s interest protection law 产品责任法 production liability law 消费者权益法 consumer rights and interests law 公司法 company law;corporate law 公司 company;corporation 有限责任公司 limited liability company 股份有限公司 company limited by shares 无限公司 unlimited company
股份两合公司 joint stock limited liability partnership 两合公司 joint liability company 控股公司 holding company 集团公司 group company 合资公司 joint venture company 联营公司 associated company;affiliated company 国营公司 state-own company 国有公司 state-owned company 民营公司 civilian-run company
本国公司 national/domestic company 外国公司 foreign company 上市公司 listed company 母公司 parent company 子公司 subsidiary 皮包公司 briefcase company;fundless company 募集设立 incorporation by stock floatation 发起人 floater;initiator 公司名称 name of company 公司住址 domicile of company
出资 contribution;capital subscription现金出资 investment in cash
实物出资 investment in kind 工业产权出资 investment in industrial property right 非专有技术出资 investment in non-patent technology 劳务出资 investment in labor 高新技术成果出资 investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本 registered capital 实缴资本 paid-in capital 验资报告 capital verification report
会计师事务所 certified public accountants 注册会计师 certified public accountant 资本三原则 three doctrine of capital 资本确定原则 doctrine of capital determination
资本维持原则 doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则 doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度 minimum capital system
公司章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw
公司登记 incorporation;corporate registration 公司存续 existence of company
公司合并分立 merger and split of company 公司并购 corporate merger and acquisition 公司管理 corporate governance;company management 公司法律顾问 corporate counsel
公司整顿 company rectification 公司歇业 closure of business 公司和解 company composition
公司解散 company dissolution 公司清算 company liquidation 公司清理 company winding-up
竞业禁止 non-commpete;competition prohibition 招股章程 prospectus 股本 stock capital 股东 shareholder 股东大会 shareholders’ meeting 股东大会决议 resolution of shareholders’ meeting
股东大会议事规则 rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting 表决权 voting right;right to vote
董事 director 董事长 president/chairman of the board 首席执行官 chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官 chief operation officer(COO)执行董事 executive director 常务董事 managing director 董事会 board of directors
董事会领导下的经理负责制 responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors
经理独立负责制 manager independent responsibility system 监事 supervisor
监事会 board of supervisors 股 share;stock 普通股 common stock 特别股 special stock 资格股 qualification stock 优先股 preferred stock 劣后股 inferior stock
表决权股 stock with voting power 溢价股 premium stock 折价股 converting stock 国家股 state-owned share 集体股 collective share 法人股 corporate share 企业股 enterprise share 个人股 individual share 股息 dividend
红股 bonus stock;dividend stock 法定公积金 legal accumulation fund
资本公积金 capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金 surplus accumulation fund 任意公积金 optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪 corporate crime
证券法 securities law
证券发行 issuance of securities 证券上市 list securities;float an issue
证券交易所 stock exchange 证券商 securities dealer 证券公司 securities company 证券承销商 consortium of underwriters 证券承销合同 underwriting contract 证券经纪人 securities broker 披露制度 disclosing system 交割日 closing date 风险投资基金 venture capital fund 上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
深圳证券交易所 Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会 securities supervision committee 票据法 law of negotiable instrument 票据 notes;bills;commercial instruments 商业票据 bill;commercial instrument 远期票据 time bill;;long-dated bill
到期票据 matured bill 即期票据 sight bill 记名票据 bill payable to order;note to order 不记名票据 bearer instrument 本票 promissory note 支票 cheque
汇票 bill of exchange 发票日 ticket day 出票日 date of draft/issue 发票地 place of draft/issue
票据到期日 bill to mature 票据金额 sum of bill 票面价额 face value 票据出票人 drawer 票据持票人 bill holder 票据承兑人 bill acceptor 票据行为 act on commercial paper
承兑票据 honor a bill 票据议付 negotiation 拒付票据 protest a bill 票据付款人 drawee 票据支付人 payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人 bill collector
票据背书人 endorser/indorser of a bill 被背书人 endorsee 票据保证人 bill guarantor 票据被保证人 bill pledgee/warrantee 再追索人 renewed recourser 前手 remote holder 后手 subsequent endorser 票据权利 right of bill 票据期限 term of bill;tenor 票据债务人 debtor of commercial instrument 追索权 right of recourse
票据抗辩 exception to bill 票据丧失 loss of bill 票据时效 prescription of exchanges 票据贴现 discount of bill 再贴现 rediscount of bill 恩惠期间 term of benevolence 票据代理 agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments
海商法 maritime law
船舶国籍证书 certificate of registry;certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国 flag country 船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验 register of ship 船舶保险 insurance on hull 船舶保险单 hull insurance policy
船舶登记证书 certificate of registry 船舶丈量 tonnage measurement of ships 船舶进港费 groundage 船舶抵押 ship mortgage 船舶租赁 ship chartering
船舶转租 ship subchartering 船舶所有人责任限制 limitation of liabilities of ship owners 船舶碰撞 ship collision 船舶遇难 maritime distress 海上灾难 perils of the sea 海上拖航 marine towage 船舶扣押 detention of ship 船舶债权 ship’s credit
船级社 classification society 船级证书 certificate of class 海上留置权 maritime lien 船舶留置权 maritime lien 船舶抵押权 maritime mortgage
海上优先请求权 priority claim to seagoing ships 救助优先权 priority claim to salvage 共同海损优先权 priority claim to general average 服务优先权 priority claim to service 货物损害优先权 priority claim to cargo damage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权 priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海运合同 shipping contract 提单 bill of lading(B/L)空舱费 dead freight 租船费 charterage 租船合同 charter-party contract of affreightment
期租船合同 time charter-party;time CP 航次租船合同 voyage charter-party
定期租船合同 time charter-party 光船租船合同 bareboat charter-party;bareboat CP 包租运输合同 shipping charter-party
海上旅客运输合同 contract for carriage of passengers by sea
远洋拖带合同 contract of ocean towage 港内拖带合同 contract of port towage 海难救助合同 salvage contract 海事报告 master’s protest;;sea protest
海事声明书 sea protest 海事争议 maritime dispute 海事法院 maritime court;;admiralty court 海事诉讼程序 maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权 civil jurisdiction of sea collision 船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权 criminal jurisdiction of sea collision 海事争议的审理 hearing/trial of maritime disputes 海事诉讼保全措施 measures for maritime attachment 海事优先请求权 preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书 application/petition for maritime attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达 service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings 涉外海事诉讼管辖权 jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements 强制变卖被扣押船舶 compulsory realization of the distrained ship 海事仲裁程序规则 rules of maritime arbitration procedure
保险法 insurance law
自愿保险 voluntary insurance 强制保险 compulsory insurance
商业保险 commercial insurance财产保险 property insurance 人身保险 personal insurance 人寿保险 life insurance 健康保险 health insurance 意外保险 accident insurance
社会保险 social insurance 养老保险 endowment insurance 医疗保险 medical insurance 失业保险 unemployment insurance 信用保险 credit insurance 保证保险 guaranty insurance 保险合同 insurance contract
保险人 insurer;underwriter 被保险人 the insured 受益人 benificiary 投保人 applicant for insurance;;policy holder
保险单 insurance policy 保险标的 insurance object 保险费 premium 保险期限 time limit of insurance 保险利益 insurable interest
保险金额 insurance;insurance compensation 保险事故 insurance accident
保险赔偿 insurance indemnity 保险代理人 insurance agent 保险经纪人 insurance broker 索赔 claim 代位索赔 claim by subrogation 理赔 settlement of claim
代位求偿权 right of subrogation 委付 abandonment 退保 cancellation/discharging of insurance
五、刑法总论
刑法学 criminal law;penal law
犯罪学 criminology 犯罪心理学 criminal psychology 劳动改造法学 reform-through-labor 中国刑法史 history of Chinese criminal law 比较刑法学 comparative criminal law 刑事侦查 criminal detection 司法精神病学 forensic psychiatry
罪刑法定原则 principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime 罪刑相适应原则 principal of suiting punishment to crime
罪责自负原则 principal of bearing responsibility solely for one’s own crime 惩罚与教育相结合原则 principal of combining punishment with education
从旧原则 the doctrine of observing old laws 从新原则 the doctrine of observing new laws 从旧兼从轻原则 the doctrine of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment 从新兼从轻原则 the doctrine of observing new laws and old ones when with lighter punishment 追诉时效 limitation of prosecution 刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility 刑事责任年龄 age for criminal responsibility
刑事责任能力 criminal responsibility;capacity for criminal responsibility
犯罪 crime;commit a crime 故意犯罪 intentional crime;willful crime 过失犯罪 negligent crime
犯罪构成 constitution of a crime 犯罪主体 subject of a crime 犯罪客体 object of a crime 犯罪的主观方面 subjective elements of a crime 犯罪的客观方面 objective elements of a crime 犯罪对象 target of a crime 犯罪故意 criminal intent;mens rea
直接故意 actual intent;direct intent 间接故意 indirect intent 犯罪过失 criminal negligence 疏忽大意的过失 careless negligence 过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption 不能预见 unforeseeable;unpredictable 不能避免 unavoidable 犯罪动机 criminal motive 犯罪目的 criminal intent;criminal purpose 防卫过当 unjustifiable self-defense
紧急避险 act of rescue;necessity 犯罪既遂 completion of a crime 犯罪未遂 attempted crime 犯罪形态 criminal pattern 犯罪预备 a crime in preparation;preparation for a crime 犯意表示 expression for a crime 犯罪中止 abandonment/discontinuance of a crime
银行英文术语 篇5
银行英文术语
banker 银行家president 行长savings bank 储蓄银行Chase Bank 大通银行National City Bank of New York 花旗银行Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行Banque de I′IndoChine 东方汇理银行central bank, national bank, banker′s bank 中央银行bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行discount bank 贴现银行 exchange bank 汇兑银行requesting bank 委托开证银行issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行 advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行negotiation bank 议付银行confirming bank 保兑银行paying bank 付款银行associate banker of collection 代收银行consigned banker of collection 委托银行clearing bank 清算银行local bank 本地银行 domestic bank 国内银行overseas bank 国外银行
unincorporated bank 钱庄branch bank 银行分行 trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行trust company 信托公司 financial trust 金融信托公司unit trust 信托投资公司trust institution 银行的信托部 credit department 银行的信用部commercial credit company(discount company)商业信贷公司（贴现公司）neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所credit union 合作银行credit bureau 商业兴信所self-service bank 无人银行 land bank 土地银行construction bank 建设银行industrial and commercial bank 工商银行bank of communications 交通银行mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行 industrial bank 实业银行home loan bank 家宅贷款银行 reserve bank 准备银行 chartered bank 特许银行corresponding bank 往来银行merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行investment bank 投资银行 import and export bank(EXIMBANK)进出口银行joint venture bank 合资银行 money shop, native bank 钱庄credit cooperatives 信用社clearing house 票据交换所 public accounting 公共会计business accounting 商业会计cost accounting 成本会计depreciation accounting 折旧会计computerized accounting 电脑化会计 general ledger 总帐subsidiary ledger 分户帐 cash book 现金出纳帐 cash account 现金帐 journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐bad debts 坏帐 investment 投资 surplus 结余 idle capital 游资 economic cycle 经济周期 conomic boom 经济繁荣economic recession 经济衰退economic depression 经济萧条economic crisis 经济危机economic recovery 经济复苏 inflation 通货膨胀 deflation 通货收缩devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 货币增值international balance of payment 国际收支 favourable balance 顺差adverse balance 逆差hard currency 硬通货soft currency 软通货international monetary system 国际货币制度 the purchasing power of money 货币购买力 money in circulation 货币流通量note issue 纸币发行量 national budget 国家预算national gross product 国民生产总值public bond 公债 stock, share 股票debenture 债券treasury bill 国库券 debt chain 债务链direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇 indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇 cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率foreign currency(exchange)reserve 外汇储备foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机discount 贴现discount rate, bank rate 贴现率gold reserve 黄金储备money(financial)market 金融市场 stock exchange 股票交易所 broker 经纪人commission 佣金 bookkeeping 簿记bookkeeper 簿记员 an application form 申请单bank statement 对帐单 letter of credit 信用证strong room, vault 保险库equitable tax system 等价税则specimen signature 签字式样banking hours, business hours 营业时间