狮子王英文影评及翻译

狮子王英文影评及翻译（精选5篇）

狮子王英文影评及翻译 篇1

The Lion King is a glorious animation that praises justice and love, criticism of the evil and conspiracy.Simba as a leading role in the film who is nature naughty.He experienced a lot of things in his life later.When he is a little lion, his uncle cheat him.Simba uncle hate and envy simba for Simba will be the king not him of the kingdom.Samba is forced to leave the kingdom shich named pride land for he considered him caused his father died.But his uncle is who caused his father(Mufasa)died.Simba leave the kingdom and meet his friend in his life.They are Timon and Pumbaa.They told Simba to live in relaxed way.All need they to do are eat enough food and have fun in other time.It’s unnecessary to think responsibility.In that way samba live a relaxed life until Simba meet his friend Nala and know the condition of the kingdom.Nala and Simba are friends since they are both a little lion.Simba refused to return the kingdom at first, but his father give him a direction that to return.Simba return the kingdom and find his uncle scar and fight against scar.Finally , Simba and Nalaget married and simba became the king of the pride land.The whole film according to the clue of the experience of little lion(Simba)and become a lion king.The beginning of film is the little lion Simba birth and become a prince.Mufasa is Simba’s father and scar’s brother.Mufasa is a good king character that he can rule a country well and know his brother Scar’s ambition.Mufasa after he dead provide a direction for Simba.Simba with the help of friends and his relative beat against the greed king scar and become a lion king.

狮子王英文影评及翻译 篇2

Euphemism is a common and long-standing linguistic and cultural phenomenon in both West and East.Using euphemism is universally accepted.Such topics as death, disease, sex, excretion and the others are taboos in most of cultures.They are usually called“cosmetic words”or“decorated words”.This is true both in English and Chinese.It is small wonder that there are lots of same or similar euphemistic expressions in the two languages.It is safe to say similarities are the“lion’s share”, while differences take a relative small portion.However, it is the differences that cause most inadequacies.Therefore, the following discussion will mainly focus on differences.

The similarity can be categorized into following examples:

(1) …have…a care…that no birds build, chatter, or do their business or sing there (“scared Decrtal or Hue and Cry for the Apprehension of Martin Mar-Priest, 1645”) (qtd.in刘纯豹, 2001:238)

墙上怎么有个窟窿呀!天, 谁那么缺德?让人怎么“办公”呀 (小说月报, 1993年第一期)

(2) …man go to his long home, and the mourners go about the street (Bible, Ecclesiastes, 12:5)

要不是薛二哥拦挡了一下, 那个女孩也早就回老家啦 (姚雪萦, 2000:129)

The euphemistic meanings in the two pairs of sentences above are quite similar.In example (1) “do their business”and“办公”are euphemistic meaning for“excretion”and similarly, in example (2) “go to long home”and“回老家”are euphemistic meaning for“death”.When translating euphemisms with the same or similar equivalences into the target language, literal method should be the first choice.As a result, “do their business”can be rendered into“办公”and“go to his long home”can be rendered into“回老家”in Chinese.

The above contrastive study of similarities simply touches upon a minor part of the euphemistic use in these two language, the following paragraphs will be committed to study major differences.

2 Differences

Due to various languages, nations, cultural backgrounds, customs, etc., considerable dissimilarities exist in the euphemisms people use, it is often seen that when people from one culture are talking about something euphemistically, people from another culture cannot catch it at all, even though they know every word of it.The same words or expressions may not mean the same thing to people of different cultures.Because of cultural differences, a serious question may cause amusement or laughter, a harmless statement may ever cause displeasure or anger and jokes of a foreign speaker may be responded with a blank face and stony silence.Therefore, some knowledge of euphemisms in another language or culture might be helpful in awkward situations.The paper will discuss differences from typical aspects such as“religion”, “old age”, “poverty and wealthy”, “marriage and pregnancy”, “humble professions and unemployment”, and some special euphemisms in English and Chinese will be explored as follows:

2.1 Religion

The unification of belief in Christianity shapes the Western civilization in every way;certainly, it exerts great influence on the generation of English euphemism.Though some Chinese euphemisms are also originated by religious aspect, there is no denying that the influences of religion on Chinese euphemism is definitely not as huge as that in English euphemisms.In many Western countries, Christianity is the rich source and fertile soil of English euphemism.Unlike polytheism, Christianity aims at providing a unified ideological framework for the interpretation of the world.The unification of belief shapes the Western civilization in every way.Certainly, it exerts a great influence on the generation of euphemism.Because of the awe to the supernatural, names of the God and Devil have to be avoided.Since Christianity has an overwhelming influence on the English language, a great amount of euphemisms are more or less related to the religion.In the English culture, there is such a command from God in the Ten Commandments in the Bible that, “thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain;for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain” (King James, 1991:7) .As Neaman points out, “Gods, whether benign or malevolent, were treated with respect amounting to terror.Since names of gods were considered identical with them, to speak a name was to evoke the divinity whose power then had to be confronted” (1990:1) .For this reason, to avoid directly mentioning the name of God, people invent various devices to create euphemism related to it.There exist large numbers of euphemisms about“God”in English, such as“Gosh”, “Gad”, “Golly”, “the Creator”, “the Supreme Being”, “Holy One”, “the Almighty”, “the Eternal”, “the King of kings”, “the Savior”, “the Lord of lords”, “the Light of the World”.Besides, the Bible contains a large number of euphemistic expressions in terms of“death”.And there are abundant English euphemisms about“death”, too, which come from the Bible, the folklores and literary quotations related to Christianity, such as:“to return to dust/earth”, “to pay the debt of nature”, “be called to God/to answer the final summons”, “hand in their accounts/be sent to their account”, “the Last Judgment”, “pay Charon”, “cross the river Styx”, “pay Saint Peter a visit”, “go to the Heaven/paradise”, “be asleep in the Arms of God/in Jesus/to lie in Abraham’s bosom”, “be at peace”, “go to his final reward”, “leave this world for the next one”, “to yield up the ghost”, “to launch into eternity”, “one’s life inscribed in the Book of Life”.

Euphemisms with Christianity background are far more than“God”and“death”.Other examples such as“to irritate somebody”, which means“to get sb’s goat”, comes from the Bible;“virus words”, meaning“serpent’s tongue”, can be traced back to the story of Adam and Eve;“toilet”is also relevant to religious activities:“to worship at the altar”, “to find a haven of refuge”, “to go to Egypt”and“to go into retreat”.

These euphemistic expressions with a strong Christian color have been accepted by the English people completely and have become the Common core of their language.It is natural that the unification of a region, that is Christianity, can finally lead to the popularity of religious euphemism in the Western world.

Throughout Chinese history, there has never been a religion that had a dominant impact on Chinese culture;therefore, the role that religion has played on Chinese language, especially, euphemism, is relatively insignificant.China is a multi-deity-worship country.Taoism, Buddhism and Islamism coexist in China.These religions have some Chinese euphemisms for“death”as well, though each religion has its own explanation for death.For example:“老祖宗看看, 谁不是你老人家的儿女?难道将来只有宝兄弟顶你老人家上五台山不成?哪些东西只留给他” (曹雪芹, 1983:78) (look!Aren’t all of us your children?Is Baoyu the only one who will carry you as an immortal on his head to Mount Wutai that you keep everything for him?) here, “上五台山” (go to Mount Wutai) and such examples as“灭度”, “涅槃”, “圆寂” (of monks or nuns passing away) , “归寂” (return to original purity) , and“登莲花台” (to step on a Buddha’s seat in the form of a lotus flower) are all typical examples of Chinese euphemisms with Buddhist association.And“仙游, 仙逝” (take flight to the land of the immortal) , “骑鹤, 驾鹤” (ride away on the crane to Elysium) , “锐化, 锐委” (“death”is like a cicada to be shelled) all originate from Taoism.It is self-evident that the sources of the euphemisms for“death”in Chinese are multiple, greatly due to the pluralism of Chinese religions.

However, in some ways, Chinese euphemisms really originate from feudal hierarchy or feudal class system.The strict hierarchy of the society is like a pyramid:on top of it sits the emperor, the head of the feudal lords;the officials are in the middle;and the people have the least rights and freedom.Chinese feudal society is characterized by its patriarchal clan system too.The elder people, especially the elderly males in the family have absolute authority over family.In a feudal society, emperors were regard as the almighty sovereign saints, whose power was bestowed by the Emperors or Heaven.For this reason, common people were forbidden to mention the characters of their names to pronounce the sound, which finally led to the appearance of two kinds of naming taboo:state and family euphemism.“文帝” (wendi) , an emperor of the Han Dynasty, was named“恒” (heng) , in order to avoid using or calling this sound, “恒山” (Heng Mountain) was renamed as“常山” (Chang Mountain) .In Tang Dynasty, in order to avoid the name of the emperor“李世民” (Li Shimin) , people used“代”to refer to“世”, and“人”to refer to“民”, even the immortal Bodhisattva“观世音” (guanshiyin) was abbreviated as“观音” (guanyin) .

What’s more, the disparity is better demonstrated when to express the death of people from various social classes.The Chinese euphemisms go as follows:“天子死曰崩, 诸侯死曰薨, 大夫曰卒, 士曰不禄, 庶人曰死。”when speakers want to express condolence, words such as“逝世”, “长眠”which literally mean“passing away”are mostly used;however, if the speaker tends to treat the death with contempt, he may resort such words as“翘辫子”, “蹬腿”, “撒手”or“咽气”.The fine choice of words to describe death reflects speakers respect and sympathy, and the latter expressions cause a sense of disrespect and scorn.Because of rigid feudal hierarchy in ancient China, all people should behave according to their own rank or class.

On top of social class, Confucianism also contributes to the development of Chinese euphemisms.Dating back to Spring and Autumn Period of China, Confucius had claimed“非礼勿言”meaning people shall not speak impolitely.People refer to themselves with humble words like“卑职”, “小人”, “鄙人”, “不才”or“在下”to show modesty while calling others“贵人”or“大人”to show respect.Similarly, ancient male Chinese tended to address their own wives and sons as“贱内”, “犬子”respectively.But the addressing of other families would be much more polite, such as“令尊” (your honorable father) , “令堂” (your honorable mother) , “令妻” (your honorable wife) , “令媛” (your honorable daughter) , and“令郎” (your honorable son) .However, one could by no ways call or mention his parents’or ancestors’names directly in China, which contrasts greatly with the West for they often call their parents’names directly.

Nevertheless, such kind of euphemism with an obvious class color in English is seldom seen.There are few examples to explain since people have firm faith in Christianity in the west.For instance, “Your Majesty”, “Sir”, “Your Excellency”are used to address the opposing party and“Your Humble Servant”is employed to refer to oneself.They believe all men are created equal.Just like an old European motto in the Middle Age, “Popes, Kings, beggars, and thieves alike must die”.So it can be concluded that feudal hierarchy or feudal class system finally leads to the generation and growth of ancient Chinese euphemism.

To sum up, the influence that the doctrine of Christianity has exerted on the Western morality and value judgment is profound and long.Many scholars share the opinion that the Western civilization, as well as their languages including euphemism, is shaped largely by the unified religion, that is, Christianity.Therefore, religious euphemisms are widely accepted and used in daily life.Unlike the monotheism of Christianity in the West, China is polytheistic in religion.There exists no unified religion in China.The joint impact of Buddhism, Taoism and Islamism on euphemism is diversified.Thus, religious influence on Chinese euphemisms is not obvious.Chinese euphemisms are far less in religious hue than English euphemisms.

2.2 Old age

On most occasions, “Old”and“老”have very distinct connotations in English and Chinese cultures.In the West, the family system is contrastively loose;most of young people are accustomed to leaving their parents and living separately when they grow up.Parents live by themselves or move into retirement communities or nursing homes when they are old.In English-speaking countries, “being old”is something that people definitely hate, not only does it mean they are not young any more, but it means they are heading away from the mainstream and becoming a burden to the society.That’s why the term“old”is tabooed in the West, and nobody is willing to talk about his age.Westerners refuse to be considered old---a synonym for“useless”.There are abundant English euphemisms about“old”, to name some of which are“mature people”, “the long-lived”, “retired people”, “advance in age”, “pensioner”, “senior citizen”, “seasoned citizen”, “golden ager”, or“prime-timer”, etc.It is no wonder that some people would joke that there are no“old people”in the West.

However, the situation is different in China.Respecting the old and cherishing the young is a traditional virtue.Chinese have a traditional value of“raising children to provide against old age”and“family union”.In Chinese tradition, old age is a symbol of wisdom and experience;and old people are usually highly respected.The younger are obedient to their elder, both within the family and in day-to-day interaction in school, social life and work.For this reason, by referring to Dictionary of Euphemisms in Chinese, there are only less than 30 euphemistic expressions for“old age”.Most of them are ancient words and cannot be found in use in modern Chinese.For instance, “薄暮”, “凋年”, “年皓”, “华首”, “秋芳”, “素秋”and“桑榆之景”.In contrast, by using surname plus“老”, such as郭老, 沈老, the speaker can show his respect.There are also a lot of expressions about the positive aspect of being old, most of which do not have special associations with old age but show the speaker’s reverence:“老师” (teacher) , “老寿星” (long-lived person) , “老师傅 (veteran) ”, “老板” (boss) , “老大” (the head) , “老当益壮” (more energetic with age) , “老马识途” (an old horse knows the way;the experienced knows the ropes) .

Age is a public topic in China.When people are getting together, inquiring about age shows their concern and intimacy towards each other.They even compare among themselves who is older and who is the oldest.However, in some English-speaking countries, age is sensitive and being old is negative.They never ask for others’age and hate to be described as“old”.An American woman in her fifties may feel embarrassed and unhappy when she is called“Granny”, but a Chinese woman would accept that title gladly.That’s because Chinese people have long considered age and seniority as respectful;they think what time has brought them are wisdom and experience but not turning them to be useless and a burden.As a result, euphemistic expressions in English are demanded to make the old sound bearable.

2.3 Euphemism for other topics

2.3.1 The poor and rich

In the Western society, treasure is something that one should be very proud of.Men can be measure by money—“American dream”reveals that money is life, money is success, and money is everything.On the contrary, “being poor”is a misfortune, a failure and a disagreeable thing.In the West, poverty is a shame and should be disguised.

On the contrary, Chinese culture makes people believe in collectivism and not put material abundance and money into such a high position in their values.Impoverishment is not closely guarded as a secret as that in the West.In China, no sensitive people would like to talk about their wealth.However, in China, people do not avoid talking about the word“poverty”, so there are few euphemisms for it.Euphemisms about poverty and wealth clearly speak by themselves that people of different backgrounds may have opposing attitudes towards the same thing.

3 Basic Strategies of Euphemism Translation

The above chapters have discussed the similarities and differences between Eglish and Chinese euphemism and typical problems in translating English and Chinese euphemism.This chapter will present and illustrate main principles guiding the translation of euphemism, based on Yan Fu’s“trinity Principle of Translation”Nida’s“Functional Equivalent Principle”, Gersham’s“Law of Language”and“Law of Succession”.The main guiding principles are made up of:Preservation of euphemistic meaning;selectivity of being euphemistic;application of existing euphemisms;equivalence in varieties of the same euphemistic idea and substitution of the old euphemisms by new ones.

3.1 Preservation of euphemistic meaning

Yan fu proposed the influential“trinity principle of translation”—faithfulness, expressiveness and gracefulness.Though constantly challenged at present, it was once widely accepted as the essential criteria used to discuss translation and established the foundation for Chinese scholar’s investigation into the criteria of English-Chinese translation.The principles can be applied to euphemism translation too.According to the first rule“faithfulness”, the translator should retain the euphemistic sense of flavor during translating.The role that a translator plays is not only a mirror—put what one reads in the SL literally into the TL, but is to display the hidden original meaning of euphemism which may be full of cultural and ethnic charm of the SL.What are reflected in euphemism is deeply rooted in culture and history.Faithful translation provides the language learners with an opportunity to enjoy the implied attraction.

3.2 Selectivity of being euphemistic

Due to different cultural backgrounds, customs, habits, life patterns between two languages, some exceptions should be made to retain euphemistic meaning in translation.For example, a taboo topic in one language may not be so offensive in the other, so there is no need for the other language to keep the euphemistic expression.

3.3 Adoption of existing euphemisms

On top of the principles“preservation of euphemistic meaning”and“selectivity of being euphemistic”, “adoptation of existing euphemisms”is another important principle in euphemisms translation.It can be taken into consideration from two aspects, one is the adoption of existing euphemisms in E-C translation;the other is the adoption of existing euphemisms in C-E translation.

3.4 Maintaining equivalence in euphemism translation

Referring to“equivalence”, one should mention Nida’s“functional equivalent principle”inevitably.According to Nida, before a translator sets out to do his translation, he has to assess or at leas has a rough idea of educational background, class, age, etc.of the would-be readers.That is to say, when translating euphemism many factors concerning the reader should be taken into consideration:“when/where/how is the euphemism used”, and“who is the user of the euphemism?”To put it more concrete, the register, and content of the topic should be specified:such as age, gender, socia position, educational backgrould, career, habit, time and location and even the emotion of the speaker or writer.More investigation should be done if it is a conversation or a piece of writing, concerning the topic, hero, time, palce, plot, etc.

3.5 Substitute the old euphemisms by new ones

As one part of language, euphemism is one of the most active and dynamic elements.Like fashion, euphemisms are incessantly ebbing and flowing with fresh euphemisms everyday.People should follow the trend or mode of language, just as what they do in fashion.Just as the principles of the Gresham’s Law and Law of Succession, with the appearance of new euphemisms, some old euphemisms might be substituted by the new ones.In short, language is not immutable or invariable.This is the same case with both English and Chinese euphemism.Some euphemisms have been in common use for a long time while others come and go to meet differen needs in different periods of time.

4 Conclusion

Language is a constantly evolving semiotic system with language variation as the prerequisite of language changes.As a kind of language variation, euphemism can be found in all human societies embedded in social values and cultures.English and Chinese euphemisms manifest different social-cultural backgrounds of the East and the West.They also reflect their different cultural connotations.Many scholars and linguists in history have made grea achievements in euphemism study.Due to the unavoidable fact tha there are various differences in cultural values, the translation of euphemism is a“hard nut to crack”.The strategies mentioned above are some tentative suggestions;there is no dominant rule to adhere to.The critical point is that translators should grasp the core value of a target culture and ensure that the reproduction of euphemism takes its original taste.As Nida said, “for truly successfully translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism”, ye“it takes a lifetime to understand and become an integral part of a culture” (Nida, 1993:110) .

参考文献

[1]Neaman J S, Silver C G.“Kind Words”, A Thesaurus of Euphe misms[M].New York:Facts on File.Inc, 1990

[2]Nida, Eugen A.Language, Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.

[3]Nide, Eugene A.Language and Culture—Context in Translating[M].Shanghai:Shanghai language Education Press, 2001

[4]曹雪芹.红楼梦[M].北京:人民文学出版社, 1983.

[5]邓炎昌, 刘润清.语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1989.

商务英文合同的句式特点及翻译 篇3

[关键词] 合同法律文件复杂句翻译

我国与世界各国双边贸易日趋频繁，使得合同翻译成为一项必不可少的工作程序。合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。因此，合同翻译至关重要，其内容直接影响合同双方的利益。如何做好合同法律文件的翻译，保证中方的利益不因合同文本的翻译而招致损失越发具有现实的意义。其中，由于合同的严肃，严谨，严密性，导致复合句的应用较多，而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。

一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句，首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点

商务合同作为一种实用文体，在词汇使用方而具有与其他文体不同的特，如用词正式规范，大量使用商务术语、法律术语及其他具有法律语言特点的正式词语。因而商务合同的翻译要求译者具有一定的专业知识。在句式结构方面，商务合同也与其他文体迥异。商务合同英语常不以易于理解为目的，大量使用复合句。究其根源，还是源于商务合同英语的文体属性。作为法律文书，商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务，合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句，可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来，确保合同句子结构的严谨性，以及文意的严密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等，有时会显得臃肿、晦涩，无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度，与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。

二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法

商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高，句子结构复杂，逻辑性强，无疑给译者增添了许多困难，但是，无论多长的句子，多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤：首先，译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构，其次，要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词，然后再分析从句和短句的功能，即：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等，以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入语等其他成分。

例１：

If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or underApplicableLaws,itshallindemnifyandkeep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.

分析：

第一步，拆分句子：

此长句可拆分为四个意义段，分别是

1)If a Party breaches …in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18. 2

2)then in addition to …Applicable laws

3）it shall indemnify and …costs,expenses,liabilities and claims

4)that such Party or …as a result of suchbreach.

第二步，句子的结构分析：

1.句的主干結构是主语（It）+（情态动词+动词原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified…against）+宾语（the other Party and the Company）。

2.“if”引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18. 1 or repeated in 18. 2）。

3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the otherPartyunderthiscontract orunderApplicablelaws）。

4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。

5.固定结构“indemnify sb. Against …”使某人不受……

根据以上分析，以及汉语的行文习惯（条件在前.结果在后，以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前），以上条款可翻译为:如果一方违反任何其根据第18．1条或18．2条所做的陈述及担保或重述，则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。

在对长句进行分析的基础上，商务合同长句具体翻译方法又可细分为二种:即，顺序法、逆序法和分译法。

(1)顺序法。所谓顺序法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务合同中，当英语长句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时，此类长句与汉语的表达方式较一致，可按原文的顺序译出。

例2：

In the event that the Company's operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties,or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties,the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.

上述句子的逻辑关系非常清楚，即：三个假设条件，一个结论，表达顺序与汉语一致。因此，可按照原文的语序进行翻译。参考译文:如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减，或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损，导致双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数，或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下，双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。

(2)逆序法。所谓逆序法就是逆着原文的顺序翻译。在商务合同中，有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同，甚至语序完全相反。因此，根据汉语的习惯，译者必须从原文句子的后面译起。 由于译文句子的前后与原文句子的前后相比，有倒置现象，因此，逆序法又称为“倒置法”。

例3：

The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due toForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocess of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit。

这里原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首，先表明卖方的免责事项（The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods)，接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责( due to Force Majeure)。而对不可抗力又做了限定（which might occurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourse of loading or transit）。而按照汉民族的思维习惯往往是先谈原因再讲结论。因此翻译时译者应采用逆序的方法将原文表示免责条件的“duetoForceMajeure,whichmight…ofloadingortransit” 移到句首。再者, 英语中的非限制性定语从句（即本句中的which might occur... of loading or transit）翻译成中文时要么仍翻译成定语放在所修饰的词之前，要么处理为别的成分。根据以上分析，原文可翻译为：凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。

(3)分译法。分译法就是将原文一个句子分成几个句子来翻译，或者将其中某个较长的修饰成分单独翻译成一句或几句。这是由于在商务合同中有些句子过长，又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系又不十分紧密，如果采用一个汉语句子对原文进行翻译，容易导致句义混乱，这种情况下，译者可以把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来翻译。这样做也符合汉语多用短句的习惯，同时也可以使句子意思表达得更清楚明了。

例4:

EitherPartymayterminate thecontract incase of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremediedsixty （60） days after the service of a written noticeas described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question andrequiring it to be remedied.

原文是商務合同中有关期限和终止的条款，按照先讲结论，即合同任一方具有的权利（Either Party may terminate the contract）然后再列举实施此权利的条件（in case of failure ... and in the eventthat ...）的顺序行文，而汉民族的行文习惯往往是先条件后结论，所以译文在整体上应采用逆序法。但，即：违约行为60天内未改正，60天是从无责任方书面通知送达之日算起，书面通知中无责任方已指出对方违约行为并要求其改正等等。如不对内容进行分解，则可能导致句义混乱。因此，翻译此句时应采用拆译法，以期将原文意思表述清楚。参考译文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，而且未按照下述第Ｘ条规定在另一方向其送达书面通知，指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天内，其仍未子以改正，另一方则可以终止本合同。

商务英文合同为了在有限的条款中完整、明确地表达合同各方的权利和义务，大量使用信息包涵量大的复杂长句，给译者造成一定困难。但不管遇到何种类型的长句，译者都可在对原句进行分析的基础上，根据汉语行文习惯，采用顺序法、逆序法，以及分译法或同时采用几种方法的方式，准确翻译原文。

参考文献:

[1]张新红等:商务英语翻译(英译汉)［M］.北京:高等教育出社，2003

[2]傅伟良:合同法律文件翻译谈[J].中国翻译，2002,(5)

[3]肖石枢:英汉法律术语的特点、词源及翻译[J].中国翻译，2001，(3）

英文信用证的语言特点及翻译 篇4

一、英文信用证的语言特点

1.信用证中词汇的特点。①专业术语的使用。信用证中使用的专业术语具有国际通用性, 不带任何感情色彩, 文体特色鲜明。其为表述清楚出口流程和各个环节与此相关的各类单据, 信用证使用大量的专业术语。例如:信用证中表示单据的词汇COMMERCIAL INVOICE (商业发票) , BILLS OF LADING (海运提单) , C E R T I F I C A T E O F ORIGIN (原产地证书) , PACKING LIST (装箱单) , INSURANCE POLICY (保险单) 等等。又比如用于表示信用证双方当事人的APPLICANT (申请人, 进口商) , B ENEFICIARY (受益人, 出口商) 。再例如于表示贸易术语C F R (C o s t a n d Freight) 成本加运费, CIF (Cost, Insur ance and Freight) 成本加保险费、运费, CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) 运费、保险费付至, FOB (Free on Board) 离岸价, 装运港船上交货等。

②旧体词的运用。一般来说, 旧体词不常出现在口语或书面表达中, 但却因其的使用能使文句结构严谨, 句子简练、规范, 使其在信用证及合同中大量出现, 运用充分体现了信用证庄重的文体风格。常使用的古体词多为一些复合副词。即在here/where/t here三个词后面分别加上after/at/with/upon/by/from/in/to/under/for, 如hereby (借此) , herein (在其中) , herew ith (同此) , therefore (缘由) 等。

例如:在信用证附加条款中可见到:

The Credit, therefore, should clearly indicate whether it is revocable or irrevocable.

因此, 信用证应该明确注明是可撤销的或不可撤销的。③缩略词的使用。英语缩略词是指在音节和字母上被省略或简化的词汇。使用缩略词在引文信用证中是常见的现象。缩略词正好满足了人们需要通过经济、高效的方式交换信息和交流思想的目的。缩略词使用率高, 已经被人们广泛接受。例如:L/C (letter of credit) 信用证, D/A (Documents against Acceptance) 承兑交单, D/P (Documents against Payment) 付款交单, L/G (Letter of Guarantee) 保证书等。

2.信用证中句法的特点。①省略结构的使用。在信用证中, 句子的助动词或系动词常被省略, 构成省略结构, 使中心词得以突出。省略结构在信用证中被广泛使用, 因此掌握其翻译技巧尤为重要。

例如:One copy of invoice, certificate of original and bills of lading to be delivered by courier service within6 days.

译文:一份发票的复印件, 原产地证和海运提单须在6天之内由快递送到。该例中缺少了助动词或系动词, 而在翻译时要将其翻译出来, 从而对整句进行严谨的翻译。

被动句的使用。在信用证中, 被动句的使用频率很高。被动句不需要主语, 因而能使要描述的事实得到突出。且被动句更加客观, 能体现语言的得体性。

Shipment must be effected not later Than Jun 15, 2014.

②装运不得迟于2014年6月15日。由上可知翻译信用证的被动句时, 应充分考虑到汉语的语言特色, 无须逐字逐句将被动意义译出, 而是直接使用主动句式。将语意表达清楚。

③分词的使用。现在分词和过去分词或其短语在信用证中使用较多, 其在信用证英语中的主要功能是做定语和状语, 或表时间、原因、伴随。

例句:Full set of clean on board marine bill of lading, made out to the order of……

全套清洁已装船海运提单, 做成“凭……指示”。

3.信用证中篇章结构特点。以中长具出现。在信用证中, 可以说解读长句是一大难点。信用证具有法律文体的文体特征, 鉴于法律文体的特性和其特有的文体特征, 长句的出现频率远远高于其他文学作品。信用证属于格式语言, 其长句的解读对解读整个信用证具有极大的作用。

We hereby agree with the drawers, endorsers and bona-fide holders of drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this credit that such drafts shall be duly honored on due presentation and delivery of documents as herein specified.

凡根据本信用证并按其所列条款而开具的汇票向我行提示并交出本证所规定的单据者, 我行同意对其出票人、背书人及善意持有人履行付款义务。

由该例可知, 翻译信用证的长句时, 译者需要仔细分析其句式结构, 分清句子主谓及层次关系, 才能进行翻译。文章的高度格式化, 规范化。信用证英语是高度的格式化和规范化的, 其用词规范庄重, 格式完整。比如格式化的句式往往缺少一定的成分, 但独立成句, 这样的句式在信用证的限定条款中经常出现:Date of issue050118. (省去系动词is) ;Partial shipments allowed. (被动语态省去助动词) 。

二、信用证的解读与翻译

1.拥有一定语言基础, 把握语境, 树立行文整体意识。文章都是由词语、句子、语段组织构建而成的, 一定要有扎实的语言基础和专业知识, 以避免信用证翻译成为脱离翻译基本规律、规范的空中楼阁。同时, 还应转化思维模式, 融入翻译实体的语境, 翻译时需从信用证文本的特点着手, 根据语境和国际贸易惯例确定语义, 对原文的意义、意向精确把握, 并且将其忠实地、准确地传达给读者。

2.把握关键词语的意义。在信用证中, 很多关键词语直接决定了句子的真正意思, 如果对这些关键词的翻译不当, 则会造成意思的误解。

如cover这个词经常在信用证中出现, 根据英汉词典解释, cover的通常意思是“覆盖”, 在金融英语中多表示“附在……的信中”, 但在信用证和其他商务语境中, 其意思却大不相同。

如:Insurance is to be covered by applicant.保险由开证申请人承保。

Insurance covered by buyer under cover note:02408保险由卖方承保, 预保单号码为0 2 4 0 8 (cover为“暂保单/保险证明”之义)

如果习惯地理解为“封皮”或“附在……的信中”则出现意思的曲解。

3.了解国际贸易的基本流程, 正确解读专业术语。信用证支付是经常使用的国际结算方式, 具有很强的专业性, 对其中的专业术语进行解读和翻译时必须按照行业惯例, 使用贸易实务中的惯用名称, 否则会出现专业含义的缺失, 引起不必要的误读。如:

At the request of the Issuing Bank, we (Advising Bank) have been requested to add our confirmation to this credit原译文:应发布行的请求, 我们 (建议行) 被要求对这张信用证加以保兑。

该译文的明显错误在于根据issue和advise的惯用意思进行了翻译, 而没有考虑行业内普遍接受的表述, 势必造成读者的困惑。在信用证结算的几个环节中, 各种银行的专业表示应为“开证行” (issuing bank) , “通知行” (advising bank) 、“议付行” (negotiating bank) 。所以, 要翻译好信用证必须要了解国际贸易的基本流程, 正确解读专业术语。

中英文文学及文化的比较与翻译 篇5

【关键词】中英文文学 文化 比较 翻译

一、中英文文学作品对比分析

文学是社会的镜子，中英文文学作品是不同社会制度下的文化产物。中英文文学作品的不同之处在文学思想、个人性格、文学描写等方面都有所体现，不一而足。在此，笔者不一一赘述，仅以自然描写、宗教信仰和作品实践为例，来讲述两者的差异。

1.自然描写。关于自然、自然景色的描写，在许多中国文学作品中都极为常见。借助外部环境和自然背景来表达创作者的意图，反映主人公的内心，实现自然、社会、人物三者的和谐统一，是许多作家在文学创作中的惯用的手法，如沈从文就是一个善于描写自然静物的高手，在其作品《边城》中，茶峒小镇的景物都具有诗意的色彩。在玛格丽特·米切尔的《飘》中，时常可见大段的关于自然景物的描写。利用自然环境衬托人物和故事，是文学创作的共性，在这一方面，中英文文学作品都不例外。不同的是，一些自然要素在使用和意义上有着明显的差异，如在中国文学作品中，“东风”经常用来暗喻温暖的春天即将来临、事情即将出现转机等，但是在西方文学中，东风象征着保守与凶兆。在中国文学尤其是古典文学中，月亮常用来象征美丽、团圆和光辉，残月多具有象征意义，而在西方文学中，月亮象征着生育与肥沃，残月常用来象征寡妇与老年妇人。在中英文文学翻译中，译者要明确自然事物所指及差异，以免出现常识性的错误。

2.宗教信仰比较。中国是一个多民族的宗教信仰自由的国家，在中国，佛教、道教、伊斯兰教等教派共同存在。但是，在中国，宗教信仰自由并不代表宗教精神可以随意扩张和拔高，这是我国宗教信仰的特色。以英语为母语的国家信仰的多是基督教，在这些国家，基督教对民众的影响非常大，这一点，从文学作品中可以管窥一二。如在《飘》中，斯嘉丽一家在饭前通常都要祷告，斯嘉丽的母亲和媚兰都被塑造成了圣母的形象。可以说，在这些国家，宗教的精神是无限扩张的。因此，在英文文学作品中，凡是符合宗教规定、客观规律的行为通常都会被视为正当的。但是在中文文学中，宗教的地位一点都不特殊，如在宣扬“佛法无边”的《西游记》中，虽然佛教的势力最强，但是孙悟空却屡次挑战佛教权威，如来佛祖的两名贴身弟子还曾向唐生要人事，宗教的形象并不高大。译者在文学翻译中，在涉及到宗教信仰方面的内容时，要正确认识民众对宗教的情感和态度，力求做到严肃、严谨。

3.作品实践对比分析。实践是社会进步的基础，在中英文文学作品中，民众、个体的实践行为随处可见，通过实践翻译社会发展规律和社会现实，是文学创作的通用手法。不同的是，在实践方法、思想方面，中英文文学作品有所不同。英文文学作品强调实践表现手法的浪漫性，但是具体的实践和实践者却是辛苦而不浪漫的，如基督山伯爵、鲁滨逊，虽然主人公的经历称得上是极具戏剧性，但是每个人在实践中也都是饱尝苦头。中国文学中强调实践的真实性、客观性，他们对实践参与事物的态度非常尊重，如人们常用生活中最常见的马、牛比喻人，将人比喻成才华横溢的“千里马”和勤劳奉献的“孺子牛”。但是在西方文学中，马通常就是用来载人载物的，牛就是用来吃肉饮奶的。

二、中英文化比较

文化是特定社会环境中发展实践的产物，中英地域差异决定了中英文化必然会存在诸多不同。下面，笔者就从生活习惯、认知、价值观等方面来阐述中英文化之间的差异。

1.文化生活习惯。民族生活理念、生活习惯会给民众文化生活习惯带来直接影响，如在基督教宗教文化影响下，英国视圣诞节为最重要的节日，会在圣诞这一天热烈庆祝，亲朋之间还会互送礼物，《麦琪的礼物》就是一个发生在圣诞期间的感人故事。而有着腊祭习俗的中国人则沿用农历历法，以新年为一年的开始。再则，在生活习惯上，中国人以群居生活为主，家庭观念浓厚，许多家庭都以四世同堂为荣。英国人个人意识强烈，家庭不过是成长过程中的一个驿站，在他们看来，过好自己才是最重要的。在心理习惯上，中国人喜爱热闹，尤其是在节日之际，人们习惯用大红的灯笼、中国结、窗花来装饰门庭，西方人喜欢独处，普通人找个幽静的地方度假就跟梭罗独居瓦尔登湖一样，追求的是心灵的宁静。

2.文化认知。关于事物和学问，中国人与英国人的态度是不同的，中国人更加关注事物、学问的工具性、实用性，他们习惯将对事物、所学到的知识运用到实践中去。以儒家家国思想和法家治国理念为例，中国许多政治家如商鞅、张居正等都研究过这些治国策略，并乐于将自己认为合理的部分应用到实践中去。英国人在对事物的认知上，更加关注事物本身的内在逻辑，如果逻辑明了，对错并不重要。在中英文文学中，中国人在认知方面大都是由表及里、沿着正向思维方向前进的，而英国人更善于从结论找原因、用逆向思维思考问题。如在创作《德伯家的苔丝》时，哈德坚信，人的痛苦是不可避免的，人在现实社会中的生存，本身就是悲哀的。所以，他笔下的苔丝姑娘虽然单纯美丽，但是终究难以摆脱命运的捉弄。

3.价值判断比较。价值判断是个体认知的产物，中英文化在机制判断上存在着明显差异，中国文化向来以集体主义价值观为标准，强调人对社会、对团队的价值和奉献，提倡通过团队努力来解决问题。如在《林海雪原》中，杨子荣虽然神勇无比，机智超群，但是还是要依靠集体的力量攻下威虎山。在英国文化中，人们比较尊重和推崇个人主义思想、个人主义英雄和超级英雄，他们喜爱的是贝奥武甫、鲁滨逊、007式的人物。

三、中英文文学作品翻译要义

1.深刻领会作者思想意图。无论是中国文学还是英文文学，都是作者创作实践的结果，作者的创作意图决定了作品的思想主旨，其创作意图也会在作品中有所体现。文学作品的逻辑性，作者创作意图的指向性，要求译者在文学作品翻译中要深入了解作者的创作意图，全面把握作品的整体思路、中心思想，在翻译中做到译文原意与译意的贴切、统一。此外，根据中英文化差异，笔者还在采用归化法、简译、增译法等对文章进行适当删减或添加，力求在保证文化通顺、完整的基础上，使作品内容看起来更加连贯。如在翻译英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的《Ode to the West Wind》时，我们可根据诗人的情感，将诗歌的标题译做“东风颂”，目的是将内容与情感融合到一起，增强译文的思想性、准确性。

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2.参考作品的文化背景。语言和文学作品都会依托一定的文化背景而存在，在中英文文学作品翻译中，我们也常常会发现，语言与文化、文化与社会的关系极其密切，文化常会受特定社会背景的影响和制约。这就要求译者在文学作品翻译中，要深入了解文学作品的创作背景、社会文化背景，熟悉译语国家的文化传统、风土人情等，将译文内容与文化背景有机结合起来，认真思考和权衡原文和译文各要素，选择合适的词汇、文字来表达作者的意图，使译文在向目的语读者传递消息的同时又带有原作的特点，以实现跨文化交流的目的。如在《社会与孤独》中有这样一句话：It's wise for man in every instance of his labour， to hitch his wagon to a star， and see his chores done by the gods themselves.艾默生这句话的原意是“只要借助星星的力量，任何事都能办到”。在翻译时，我们可以根据上下文需要将之译为“只要借助自然的力量”或“只要胸怀大志”就可无坚不摧、战无不胜。

3.根据具体语境来翻译。翻译是一项跨文化的文字创作活动，目的语读者和源语读者在思维、想法和语言表达方面的差异，会加大文学作品翻译的难度。译者在全面照顾译文内容的情况下，还要立足于特定的语境，适当考虑目的语读者的需要，根据语境合理选择文字进行意义表述，以使语义更加完整，同时为读者阅读理解提供方便。如在中文文学作品中常常会出现主谓宾缺失的情况，如莫言的作品，常常会因为频繁断句、用词简洁而显得句子残缺不全。英文在语法上要求相对严格，句子成分也显的相对完整。所以在翻译中英文文学作品时，译者可以根据语境增加或删减某些词语，或根据目的语读者的表达习惯灵活进行词语替换，使语义看起来更加自然、简洁、完整。

综上所述，跨文化交际是中外文化交流的产物，中英文文学及文学翻译则是跨文化交际的重要手段。文化具有时代性、地域性等特点，国与国、地区与地区之间的文化差异是客观存在的。这就要求翻译工作者在文学翻译中正视中外文化的差异，正确理解文学语言所负载的文化蕴意，以翻译出更多好作品。

参考文献：

[1]熊志霞.中英文学作品及其文化的比较与翻译[J].校园英语， 2015，20：229-230.

[2]胡细辉.中英文学交流中的文化问题探讨[J].名作欣赏，2012， 06：151-152.

[3]茅和华.翻译中的中西文化差异比较[J].沙洲职业工学院学报，2006，04：23-25.