介词which的用法

2024-07-14

介词which的用法(精选8篇)

介词which的用法 篇1

这些都是定语从句里面,由which引导的定语从句,介词提前。

in which可以翻译成在XX里面

for which可以翻译成为了XX目的on which可以翻译成在XX的上面,或具体时间的某一天

at which可以翻译成在XX里面,或在XX上面

这些介词的使用除了意思上的区别,具体是要以which引导的从句而定的。

例如:

(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.= The school in which he once studied is very famous.(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine(that/which)you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(3)I have a dresser in my bedroom, which there are many cosmetics on.= I have a dresser in my bedroom on which there are many cosmetics.(4)The dumpling House which he often has dumplings at is very popular.= The dumpling House is very popular, at which he often has dumplings.当然这只是介词作为基本意思的用法,还有一些固定搭配,得具体情况具体分析。

例如:

The plane may be several hours late, in which case there’s no point in our waiting.(固定搭配:in the case)

The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.(固定搭配:at the point)

Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight.(固定搭配:for the reason)

The film at which I fell asleep was very boring.(Here “at which” is based on “fell asleep at the film”因为电影无聊而睡觉。)

The little creature in which scientists are interested is known as ET.(这里“be interested in”是词组原因)

This is the book for which he is looking.(即等于This is the book which he is looking for,这主要是因为look for 这一短语)

例题:1.I can’t believe that the restaurant, ______ I have eaten such wonderful meal, is going to be close down.A.whereB.at whichC.about which

【解答】选B。这个是非限制性定语从句,at which在功能上等于where,但就本题而言只能选at which。因为at which I have eaten such wonderful meal是一个插入语,where固然可以引导,但是由于前面有了一个逗号,就只能用at which了。“我难以相信我曾经在里面美美地吃过几顿大餐的饭店就要关张了。”非限制性定语从句主要就是先行词+逗号“,”+介词+which或者是先行词+逗号“,”+which,它和限定性定语从句的最显著区别一个是有逗号,一个是非限制定语从句总有which。

2.Wind power is an ancient source of energy ______ we may return in near future.A.on whichB.by whichC.to whichD.from

which【解答】选C。return to其实,应该来说,就是一个固定搭配了,解释为回归到,但是呢,如果要说意思的话,也是说得通的,就是把句子换一换语序你就可以看出来了。“we may return to wind power in near future.”也就是说,看到prep.+ which

这种形式,就可以直接把它扔到动词后面,然后在进行选择,看缺少哪个介词。3.We have gathered nearly 100,000 quilts,_____up to half have gone to flood-hit areas.A.with whichB.in whichC.for which

D.of which

【解答】选D。

这里的which指的是,nearly 100,000 quilts(被褥),也就是说,后半句的主语是在这nearly 100,000 quilts里面的up to half。

例:

I don’t know the reason why/for which he did it.The reason why/for which he was fired was not clear.There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one.亚洲有很多国家,中国是最大的一个。

附:whose和 of which的区别

1.关系代词whose,引导定语从句时,既可指人,又可指物,在从句中只能作定语;of whom只能指人;of which只能指物,有时whose可以与of whom和of which互换使用。

如:

The girl whose hair is golden is from England.头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。

The house whose doors(of which the doors)are green is an office building.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。

2.“介词 + whose +名词”引导定语从句。

如:

I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard.我爱我的祖国,为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。

3.在下列情况下,一般只用of whom和of which。

(1)定语从句的主语是few, little, some, most, many, much等时,一般只用of whom和of which。

In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know.房间里有很多人,很多人我不认识。

He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read.他有很多故事书,有几本故事书我还从未看过。

(2)定语从句的主语是数

词、形容词的最高级时,一般只用of whom和of which。如:The old man has three children, two of whom are college

students and one of whom is a manager.那个老人有三个小孩,其中两个是大学生,另一个是经理。(3)定语从句的主语是

all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时,一般只用of whom和of which。如:There are fifty students in our

class, all of whom are working hard.我们班有五十个学生,所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。He planted two trees last

year, both of which are growing well.去年他栽了两棵树,这两棵树都长得好。

(4)在定语从句中作表语的定语时,一般只用of whom和of which。

如:

He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one.它有三兄弟,李雷是他们中最小的一个。

There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one.亚洲有很多国家,中

国是最大的一个。

(5)形式不同。如:The house windows face south is our reading-room.A.of whichB.whoseC.whichD.its

【解答】此题正确答案是B,不能选择A。选择of which时应在名词前加上定冠词the,也就是名词前有the就只能用of which。如果名词前没有冠词,就用whose。

若上题改为The housethe windows face south is our reading-room,则此题只能选A不能选B了。

(6)of which除了可以表示所属关系外,还可以用来表示整体的关系,而whose则不能。

例:

He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant.In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, of which 12 were won by women.第一句中的of which就可以用whose来代替,因为这个句子中of是用来表示所属关系的。可改写成:He borrowed a book whose author was a peasant.而第二句中的of which不能用whose代替,因为这个句子中的of不是表示所属关系,而是表示整体与部分的关系。

(7)引导非限制性定语从句多用whose,而很少用表示所属关系的介词of加上关系代词which。

如: There is a mysterious lake at the foot of the hill, whose depth has never been measured.山脚下有个神秘的湖,其深度从未被测量过。

如介词of不表示所属关系,而是用来表示整体与部分的关系,此时就经常引导非限制性定语从句了。

如:

There are 102 elements found in nature, of which most are metals.The story about Long March, of which this is one example, are well written.I’d like a car whose front lights are big and round.I’d like a car, the front lights of which are big and round.The book, the cover of which is broken, is not mine.The book, whose cover is broken, is not mine.How to distinguish the distinct distinctions between Which and In which

distinguish A from B 中的distinguish是vt.A是所选的,B是摒弃掉的。A为主,B为次;

distinguish between A and B中的distinguish是vi.A与B都是要区分识别的,平级。

which 用于定语从句,作关系代词,在句中要做成分

in which 用于定语从句,作关系副词,在句中不做成分,in which = where

只要把握好了which,就能消除困惑。

示例:

This is the city where / in which I met John.此处的which指the city,去掉in,the city 就变成了主语,跟之后的I产生主语冲突,一山不容二虎就是这个道理,去掉in后,大致是这个样子的。

介词which的用法 篇2

其中“介词+which”的情况实际上就是which在从句中作介词宾语的情况,更是学生难点中的难点,所以,本文就这一个问题进行系统的讲解。

这种定语从句仍然一定遵循“关系代词指代哪个词,定语从句就修饰那个词”这一原则。对于这类定语从句,我们从以下三个方面来论述。

1.“介词+which”在从句中作状语

这种情况是最常见的。即of是从句中的动词或形容词所要求搭配的,所以of which在从句中作状语。这是,在少数情况下也可以是“短语介词+which”的形式。当“介词+which”在从句中作状语时,“介词+which”必定位于从句的句首,定语从句就从该介词开始。如:

(1)“单个介词+which”的情况,例如:

(1) The two elements of which water is made are oxygen and hydrogen.

构成水的两个元素是氧和氢。

(2) Specific diseases of which these abnormal muscle contractions are symptomatic will be discussed later.

这些肌肉的异常收缩所表征的具体的疾病将在以后加以讨论。

(3) Chemistry deals with changes as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.

化学是论述能形成新物质的那种物质变化的。

of与从句中的少数动词或形容词构成固定搭配。常见的这类动词词组或形容词词组如下:

提示:

该结构中“介词”的正确选择方法:

1)由从句中的动词、形容词或名词所确定,如:

(1) Copper is one of the metals with which we are most familiar.

铜是我们最熟悉的金属之一。(形容词familiar与with连用)

(2) How to live longer is a question to which man has tried to find a good answer for thousands of years.

如何才能长寿,是人类数千年来力图寻求良好答案的问题。(名词answer与to连用)

下面列出一些常见词汇与介词的搭配情况:

2)由被修饰的词所确定,如:

(1) He signed an agreement under which he would be entitled to a commission on sales.

他签订了一项协议,这可使他获得销售佣金。

(2) The language teachers association provides a medium through which ideas can be shared and discussed.

语言教师协会提供了一种交流和讨论意见的媒介。

3) 根据整个句子所要表达的含义来确定, 如:

The substance in which there are many electrons is a goodconductor.

含有大量自由电子的物质, 是良导体。 (这个in并不是那个词所特需的)

Inasmuch as this book has been written primarily for people to whom the material is new, l feel such an approach is pedagogically superior.

由于本书主要是为没有学过这个内容的人编写的,所以我感到这样的方法从教学法角度讲是很优越的。

(2)“短语动词+which”的情况,常见的形式如下:

in terms of which by means of which as a result of which according to which

in accordance with which on the basis of whichbecause of which relative to which

with respect to which by the help of which by virtue of which

2.“介词+which”在从句中作定语

这种情况并不常见。在从句中作定语时“介词+which”一般并不出现在从句的句首,而是在从句中。如:

(1) No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the Publishers.

未经版权所有者的书面许可,本书的任何内容均不得以任何形式或用任何手段进行翻印或传播:若要提出申请,应提交给出版社。(这里which代替了the written permission)

(2) More than one hundred elements two thirds of which are metals have been found so far.

到目前为止,人们已发现了一百多种化学元素,其中三分之二是金属。(of which在此修饰从句的主语two thirds;但which代替了more than one hundred elements,所以定语从句是从elements后面开始。)

3. of which在定语从句中的情况

of which与上述一般的“介词+which”的情况是一样的,它在从句中有以下两种功能:

(1) of which在从句中作状语。

(2)这时,of which只能位于从句的句首。of与从句中的少数动词或形容词构成固定搭配。(详见以上of which在从句中作状语)又如:

Since the eye cannot focus on objects closer than the near point, this sets a limit to the magnification of which the eye is capable.

由于眼睛不能聚焦于比近点还近的物体,这就限制了眼睛所能实现的放大量。

(3) of which在从句中作定语, 这中情况比较常见。

1) of which在从句中修饰主语。

a.表示“所属”:这种情况最常见,这时,of which一般位于从句的主语后面。在这里,有必要把whose和of which结合起来讲解,这样有利于理解of which。作为关系限定词,whose既可指人,也可指物,既可用于限制性定语从句,也可用于非限制性定语从句。

whose指人。如:

(1) That’s the man whose house was burned down.

那就是住房被烧的人。

(2) This is George, whose class you will be taking next week.

这就是乔治, 你下周将听他的课。

whose指物。如:

(1) That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.

是肉眼看不见其微小部件的新机器。

(2) This factory, whose workers are all women, is closed for part of the school holidays.

这个工厂,由于工厂工人都是妇女,常在学校假期关闭一段时间。

关系限定词whose在正式语体中常为of which所代替,用于指物。如:

That’s the new machine the parts of which are too small to be seen. (译文同上)

也可以把of which直接置于先行项之后:

That’s the new machine of which the parts are too small to be seen. (译文同上)

又例如:

(1) I saw some old buildings whose windows were all broken.我看见一些老房子, 门窗都破损了。

(2) I saw some old buildings the windows of which were all broken. (译文同上)

(3) I saw some old buildings of which the windows were all broken. (译文同上)

提示:

如果of which所修饰的词前没有no, any,各种代词等时,它一般就可用whose来替代,但whose只能放在被修饰的词前面,且被修饰词前面的冠词要去掉,如:

Mechanics is the physical theory the task of which (=whose task) is to describe motion.

力学,是一种旨在描述运动的物理理论。

为了加强语气,也可把of which放在从句主语的前面(这并不多见)即,

(1) Mechanics is the physical theory of which the task (=whose task) is to describe motion.

(2) The earth is a planet of which the surface (=the surface of which=whose surface) is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere.

地球是一颗其表面被一层大气包围着的行星。

b.of which表示“其中”(即部分与整体的关系)之意时,绝不能用whose来替代。常见的形式是“不定代词、数词等+of which”,关系代词除which外,还可以是whom, whose,主要如下:

人体是由各种特殊的细胞群构成的,其中第一种被称为组织。

(2) This idea can be readily applied to members of the animal kingdom, all of whom maintain about the same temperature and have about the same density.which。)

这一概念可容易地应用于动物王国的成员中,所以这些成员保持着大约相同的体温,同时具有大致相同的密度。(注意:由于定语从句修饰的是动物,所以使用了whom而不是

(3) The storekeeper in the neighborhood, some of whom had already been robbed, asked for more police protection.

附近商店的店员们请求警方给予更多的保护,因为他们当中的有些人曾被抢过。

(4) The residents, all of whose homes had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.

这些居民们的家全被洪水冲毁了,他们得到了红十字会的帮助。

(5) The eighty-nine passengers all escaped without serious injury, four of whom were Americans.

89名乘客全部脱险而没受重伤, 其中有4个是美国人。提示:

若为了加强“其中”的含义,并且从句主语不是某些不定代词或被no, any,各种代词修饰时,可以把of which放在从句主语前。如:

(1) The first stage of the rocket has a total mass of 12, 000 kg, of which 9000kg (=9, 000kg of which) is fuel.

该火箭第一级的总质量为12000千克, 其中9000千克是燃料。

(2) When testing ended on 25 November 1973, the total operating time was 374, 580 hours, of which the last 104, 580 hours (=the last 104, 580 hours of which) were failure-free.

当1973年11月25日试验结束时, 总的工作时间为375580小时, 其中最后的104580小时是无故障时间。

如果of which在从句中修饰there be句型的主语的话, 它只能放在从句的句首。如:

There are different substances, of which there is indeed an enormous number.

(世界上) 有着许多不同的物质, 事实上其种类甚多。 (of which在从句中是修饰an enormous number的。)

2) of which在从句中修饰表语时, 一定要放在从句的句首。如:

Faraday joined the City Philosophical Society, of which he became a very keen member.

介词which的用法 篇3

关键词:介词+which,where

牛津版本高中英语模块一中提到介词+which可以用where替换,但是否在所有的情况下都可以用where替换,两者作为关系词引导从句的可替代性和不可替代性问题值得引起我们注意。这两者之间有时可以替换使用,有时则不可能替换。因此,对他们的内涵进行剖析,对于它们在句中所作的功能进行对比归纳显得尤为重要。

一、介词+which和where之间的可替代性

当“介词+which”和“where”作引导定语从句的引导词,而且在句中是作地点状语时,在不引起歧义的情况下,它们一般是可以通用的,因而具有可替代性。例如:

(1)One afternoon a horse was led down the street where(on which)they stood.

一天下午,有人牵着一匹马从他们站立的街道经过。

在这个句子里,the road在句中作地点状语,相当于they stood on the road,这里where等于on which。

(2)This the the room in which(where) we lived last year.

这是我们去年住过的房间the room在句中作地点状语,相当于we lived in the room,这里的in which等于where.

二、介词+which和where之间的不可替代性。

然而,“介词+which”等于where具有很大的限制性,在很多情况下,它们之间是不可以互相替换使用的,主要表现在如下几个方面:

1.在定语从句中的不可替代的情况

1)由于where表示地域范围具有较强的可塑性,因此,“介词+which”在定语从句中作地点状语等于where,常常局限于in,on,at等少数几个介词,而且必须以替代后不会招致歧义或误解为前提。许多“介词+which”是不适用于用关系副词where替代的。例如;

Sarah sat on the corner of the table near the door by which her husband always entered.

塞拉坐在她丈夫必经的那道门附近的桌角

They arrived at a farm house,in front of which sat a small boy.

他们来到一所农舍,一个男孩坐在房子前面。

2)当“介词+which”在定语从句中并非作地点状语而是作方式等状语或其它成分时,例如:

He built a telescope through which he could study the stars.

他建造了一个望远镜来研究星星。

through which等于through the telescope,在定语从句中方式状语

3)当“介词+which”中的介词是定语从句中短语动词的一部分时,例如:

There are only six weeks left of which I must make full use.

我必须要从分利用剩下的六周时间。

句中of which中的of就是make full use of中的of

值得注意的是,英语中还出现有“介词+which”和“介词+where”同时存在的现象,有时两者意义和用法相同,有时则根本不同。

1)表示不同的含义

此时“介词+where”的where是一个副词,属于“介词+介词短语”结构。例如:

(a)In nature,there is nothing more important than the sun,from which we get heat and light.

在自然界,没有什么比太阳对于我们更重要的了,我们从太阳得到光和热、

这里的which指代是先行词sun

(b)His head soon appeared out of the second storey window,from which where he could see nothing but trees.

不久他从二楼的窗户里探出头来,从那扇窗户他只能看到树

这里where指代的是介词短语out of the second storey windou

2)表示相同的含义

There seems to be a point beyond where we can”t see anything.

我们的视力似乎有一个限度,过了那个点,我们就什么也看不见了

句中的beyond where可以用beyond which来替代

2.当where引导的是一个地点状语从句时,不能用“介词+which”替代。例如:

When you read the book,you”d better make a mark______you have any questions.

at whichB.at whereC.the place whereD.where

答案为D

3.当where引导的是一个名词性从句的时候,不能用“介词+which”替代。例如:

Go back to where you came from.

回到你原来的地方去

Where引导的名词性从句作介词to的宾语,where等于the place where。

从以上的例子当中可以看出,“介词+which”等于where的情况有很大的局限性,它仅局限在定语从句中作地点状语的某些场合,在很多情况下是不可以互相替换使用的。

of which的用法及例句 篇4

细胞是构成一切生物的`单位。

The trip was magical; the stuff of which dreams are made.

那是一次奇妙的旅行,宛如梦境。

I saw three camp beds, two of which were occupied.

我看见了3张折叠床,其中两张已有人占了。

Many theories on punishment exist, all of which are variations on a theme.

关于惩罚的理论有很多,虽形式略有不同,但其主旨都是一样的。

We are dealing with an epidemic the likes of which we have never seen in this century.

初中英语介词的用法 篇5

1. in 表示在某地范围之内。

如:

Shanghai is/lies in the east of China.

上海在中国的东部。

2. to 表示在某地范围之外。

如:

Japan is/lies to the east of China.

日本位于中国的东面。

3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。

如:

Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.

蒙古国位于中国北边。

2表示计量的介词:at, for, by

1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。

如:

It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.

它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。

I sold my car at a high price.

我以高价出售了我的汽车。

2. for表示“用……交换,以……为代价”。

如:

He sold his car for 500 dollars.

他以五百元把车卖了。

注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。

3. by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。

如:

They paid him by the month.

他们按月给他计酬。

Here eggs are sold by weight.

在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。

3表示材料的介词:of, from, in

1. of成品仍可看出原料。

如:

This box is made of paper.

这个盒子是纸做的。

2. from成品已看不出原料。

如:

Wine is made from grapes.

葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。

3. in表示用某种材料或语言。

如:

Please fill in the form in pencil first.

请先用铅笔填写这个表格。

They talk in English.

他们用英语交谈。

注意:in指用材料,不用冠词;而with指用工具,要用冠词。

请比较: draw in pencil 与draw with a pencil.

4表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on

1. by用某种方式,多用于交通。

如:

by bus 乘公共汽车

by e-mail. 通过电子邮件

注意:

表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。

请比较:

I went there by bus/in a bus.

我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。

2. with表示“用某种工具”。

如:

He broke the window with a stone.

他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。

注意:

with表示用某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词。

3. on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。

如:

They talked on the telephone.

他们通过电话进行交谈。

She learns English on the radio/on TV.

她通过收音机/电视学英语。

5表示关于的介词:of , about,on

1. of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。

如:

He spoke of the film the other day.

他前几天提到了这部影片。

He thought about this matter yesterday.

他昨天考虑了这件事。

2. about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。

如:

Can you tell me something about yourself?

你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?

3. on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。

如:

It’s a textbook on the history of china.

它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。

6表原因或理由的介词:for, at,from,of, with, by,because of

1. for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。

如:

I am sorry for what I said to you.

我后悔不该对你讲那些话。

2. at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。

如:

He was surprised at the news.

听到这消息他大吃一惊。

3. from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。

如:

He died from the wound.

他因受伤而致死。

4. of指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。

如:

The old man died of hunger.

老人死于饥饿。

5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。

如:

Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.

他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。

He was shaking with anger.

他气得浑身发抖。

6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。

如:

Her body was bent by age.

他因年老背弯了。

She took your umbrella by mistake.

我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。

7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。

如:

He retired last month because of illness/because he ill.

他上个月因病退休了!

8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。

如:

Owing to the rain they could not come.

由于下雨他们没来。

9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为“幸亏……,多亏……”。

如:

Thanks to John, we won the game.

多亏约翰,我们才赢了这场比赛。

10. out of表示动机的起因,常译为“出于……”。

如:

He asked the question out of curiosity.

他出于好奇才问了那个问题。

11. through多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。

如:

The war was lost through bad organization.

常见介词及其词组的用法 篇6

一、介词to的常见用法

1.动词+to

a)动词+ to

adjust to适应,

attend to处理;照料,

agree to赞同,

amount to加起来达…,

belong to属于,

come to达到,

drink to为…干杯,

get to到达,

happen to发生在某人身上,

hold to紧握,

lead to通向,

listen to听,

occur to想起,

object to反对,

point to指向,

respond to回答,

refer to参考;指的是…;涉及,

reply to回答,

see to负责,

stick to坚持,

turn to求助,

write to给某人写信。

b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.

announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。

c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.

add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to

be alive to觉察;晓得,

be attentive to注意;留心,

be awake to知晓,

be blind to缺乏眼光,

be close to紧挨着,

be common to对某人来说很普通,

be contrary to违反;反对,

be devoted to致力,

be deaf to不愿意听,

be equal to有…的力量,

be exposed to暴露;遭受,

be fair to对…公平,

be familiar to对某人来说熟悉,

be grateful to对某人心存感激,

be good to对…有好处,

be harmful to对…有危害,

be important to对…重要,

be kind to友好对待,

be known to周知于,

be married to嫁给,

be moved to转移到,

be near to靠近,

be necessary to对…有必要,

be opposite to在对面,

be opposed to反对,

be pleasant to合某人之意,

be proper to专属,

be polite to礼貌待人,

be rude to粗暴对待,

be relative to与…有关,

be strange to不习惯,

be similar to类似,

be suitable to适合,

be true to忠实,

be thankful to感激,

be useful to对…有用,

be used to习惯。

3.to+名词构成的词组

to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to one’s feet跳起来,to one’s mind照…看来, to one’s surprise使…吃惊,to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地

二、at的常见用法 at构成的词组比较多,要细心区分。

1.动词+ at

arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴,smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at

be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望,be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊,be terrified at受到…的恐吓,be quick at对…很机敏。

3.at+名词构成的词组

at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措, at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前。

三、介词on的常见用法

on的用法比较重要,本文介绍它的一些常见用法:

1.动词+on

a)动词+ on要认真区分下面一些词组

act on对…有作用, bring on促使;导致, call on拜访某人,count on依赖, carry on执行,depend on取决, feed on以…为生,figure on料想;推断, go on继续,have on穿着, insist on坚持,keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以…为生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通(电源), take to喜欢;养成;轻易学会,turn on接通(电源), work on操作, wait on侍候。

b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)

base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。

2.be+形容词+on的词组

be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻,be impressed on对…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对…严格。

3.on+名词构成的词组

on board乘(车,飞机),on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行,on guard在岗,on hire雇用,on holiday度假

四、介词in的常见用法

1.动词+in

a)动词+ in

believe in信任, break in碎成,bring in引起;产生;带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起;订阅, turn in归还当局。

b)动词+sb./time/money+ in

help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。

2. be +形容词+ in

be active in活跃于,be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀,be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。

3. in +名词

in advance提前,in all总共,in balance总而言之,in bed卧床,in body亲自,in brief简明扼要,in case万一, in charge主管,in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地;有效,in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣,in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地,in view看得见。

五、介词from的常见用法

from的用法可不能小瞧,你不一定知道下面这些词组意义。

1.动词+from

a)动词+ from

come from来自,date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回,rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。

b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place

borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,remove from移动;除去, save from保全;拯救, separate from分离开来,stop from阻止。

2. be +形容词+ from

be absent from缺席,be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。

3.from…to…

from bad to worse每况愈下,from beginning to end自始至终,from cover to cover从头到尾,from China to Peru到处,from day to day一天一天地,from door to door挨家挨户,from end to end从头至尾,from first to last自始至终,from hand to mouth勉强糊家,from head to foot从头到脚,from mouth to mouth广泛流传,from sun to sun从日出到日落,from start to finish从头开始,from top to toe从头到脚,from time to time不时地,from top to bottom彻底地。

六、介词for的常见用法

1.动词+for

a)动词+for

account for解释;说明, answer for对…负责,apply for申请;请求,apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求,care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望,inquire for查询;求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望,mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备,provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征,search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。

b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.

ask for要求得到,blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚,push for催逼,reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。

2. be +形容词+for

be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦,be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责,be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。

3.for+名词构成的词组

for all尽管,for a song非常便宜地,for certain确切地,for company陪着,for ever永远,for example例如,for fear以免,for fair肯定地,for free免费,for fun为了好玩,for good永远,for instance比方,for luck祝福,for life终身,for long长久,for nothing白白地,for once有生第一次,for oneself替自己,for pleasure为了消遣,for reason因为…理由,for sale供出售,for shame真不害臊,for short简称,for sport好玩,for sure确切地。

4.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语

be in for将遇到,make up for弥补,go in for从事,look out for提防,take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然,have an ear for音感好,have a gift for有某方面的天赋。

浅析介词of与名词搭配的用法 篇7

一、介词of搭配两个名词,可表达多种语法关系:

1.表达部分与整体的关系。

如the handle of the umbrella(伞把儿)half of the cake(半块蛋糕)

the roof of the house(房顶)three months of the year(那年的三个月)

the member of the team(队员)some of these books(这些书的一部分)

2.表达一个名词对另一个名词的修饰关系。

有些结构中前一名词修饰后一名词:

如He has got the devil of a temper.(他脾气极坏。)

Where is that fool of the receptionist?(笨蛋接待员在哪儿?)

That brute of husband beats her every day.(那个野兽般的丈夫每天打她。)

同时可以看出有些结构中后者修饰前者:

如This is a matter of great importance.(这是一件非常重要的事。)

She is an English girl of twenty-one.(她是个二十一岁的英国姑娘。)

Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特爱因斯坦就是这样一个人,朴素而有巨大的成就。)

3.表达所属关系。

如He was familiar with the works of Shakespeare.(他熟悉莎士比亚的作品。)

This clearly shows the advantage of mechanized farming.(这清楚地表明了机械化耕作的好处。)

They have the support of the people of the world.(他们得到全世界人民的支持。)

二、介词of与动词派生的名词搭配:

1. 介词of与一个动词派生的名词连用,表示of后面的名词是其前面名词所表达的动作的逻辑主语。

如Hopkins came back and,to the relief of everybody,reported nothing more than a mild attack of indigestion.(霍普金斯回来说,不过是轻微的胃肠不适,大家听了都松了一口气。)

The resignation of the Prime Minister was hourly expected.(内阁总理随时可能辞职。)

The ancient Egyptians compared the rising the sun to the beginning of life and the setting of the sun to the end of the life.(古埃及人把日出比作生命的开始,把日落比作生命的结束。)

2. 介词of与一个动词派生的名词连用,也可表示of后面的名词是其前面名词所表达的动作的逻辑宾语。

如The courts ordered the seizure of all her property.(法院下令没收她所有财产。)

When the English army invaded Scotland,Bruce took up arms and led his people in the defence of their country.(英军入侵苏格兰时,布鲁斯拿起武器,领导他的人民保卫自己的国家。)

There has been some delay in the execution of his father’s will.(他父亲遗嘱的执行已经拖延了一段时间。)

三、介词of与一个形容词派生的名词连用,of结构表达了主语和表语间的语法关系。

如The happiness of everyone appears on their faces.(幸福溢于每个人的脸上。)

The machine needs very little attention,that’s the beauty of it.(那台机器不用怎么看管,好就好在这里。)

The beauty of the area is that the weather is so good。(这个地区的美在于气候宜人。)

四、介词of连接表达同位语的名词,使前面的名词意义更确切具体。

如She went no further than the city of Dublin.(她最远到过都柏林市。)

I’m quite sure of the fact of my having seen her.(我十分确定我曾见过她。)

He became blind at the age of seven.(他七岁时瞎了。)

五、介词of与表达类别、属性的抽象名词连用,表达“类”、“型”等概念。

如A tiger is a species of mammal.(老虎是一种哺乳动物。)There were all sorts of machine:cars,tractors and lots of up-todate equipment.(有各种各样的机器:汽车,拖拉机及许多现代设备。)

What kind of drink do you like?(你喜欢什么饮料?)

六、介词of与名词所有格连用构成双重所有格关系。

这种用法主要是为避免名词的重复,加强语气或表示某一种感情色彩。常用结构有两种:

1. 前的名词前面通常有一个如a,some,no,few,several等这样的限定词。

如It was no fault of ours that we took the wrong rad.(走错了路并非是我们的过错。)

That’s an old hat of my brother’s.(那是我弟弟的一顶旧帽子。)

A relative of yours is coming to see you.(你的一位亲戚要来看你。)

I studied this essay of Green’s.(我学过格林的这篇短文。)

2. of前的名词前面通常有指示代词,后面用所有格名词或名词性物主代词,表示褒贬爱憎的感情色彩。

如That performance of the teachers’was wonderful.(如教师的那个节目很精彩。)

This proposal of yours hardly meets the case.(你的这项建议不甚恰当。)

He hated that pride of Mary’s.(他讨厌玛丽的那种骄傲态度。)

但需要注意的是,of后带有’s的名词通常是表示具体人名的词或是名词性物主代词,不具体的名词所有格构成的句子是错误的。

如That’s a play of a writer’s.(错)That’s a play of Cao Yu’s.(这是曹寓的一个剧本。)

This is a child of them.(错)This is a

child of theirs.(这是他们的一个孩子。)

七、介词of跟在表示度量单位的名词后,表达了与汉语中的数量相关的结构。

如a sheet of paper(一张纸)a bar of chocolate(一块巧克力)

a pile of rubbish(一堆垃圾)a block of ice(一块冰)

a ton of coal(一吨煤)a pound of butter(一磅黄油)

这种结构用以表达复数意义时,复数词形变在表示度量单位的名词上。

two pieces of cake(两块蛋糕)three yards of cloth(三码布)

two games of chess(两场象棋赛)three feet of water(三英尺水深)

以上简单归纳、举例了介词与名词搭配的七种常用搭配,用实例阐明了介词与名词搭配时出现的一些难点和极易被疏忽的问题。欠妥的地方,望同仁们批评指正。

参考文献

[1].《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》,李北达编译,商务印书馆,牛津大学出版社,中国,1977.

[2].《英语介词综合手册》,吴依锑,石家庄,河北人民出版社,1982.

甲骨文中介词“于”的用法 篇8

本文以郭沫若先生主编、中华书局出版的《甲骨文合集》和中国社科院考古研究所编的《小屯南地甲骨文》中典型的完整句子作为基础材料。由于本人的时间和能力及掌握的材料有限,因此未能统观全书并做出科学准确的统计数据,但对文中使用“于”的例句都尽力核对原始拓片,以确保材料准确。

自从发现甲骨文以来,研究甲骨文的著作就越来越多,已形成了甲骨学系统的研究领域。对虚词的研究,尤其是介词的研究,成果丰硕。张玉金的《甲骨文虚词辞典》,是第一部全面系统研究甲骨文虚词的著作:管燮初的《殷墟甲骨刻辞的语法研究》,是一部根据16种重要甲骨论著中已有的定论,全面研究甲骨语法的开创性著作,它基本描写了甲骨文的语法体系:还有张玉金的《甲骨文语法学》,对甲骨文的语法做了系统阐述。另外还有郭锡良先生的《介词“于”的起源和发展》等等。我们将在这些成果的基础上对介词“于”进行用法研究和阐述。

朱德熙先生认为:现代汉语里的介词都是从动词演变来的,大部分介词还保留着动词的功能。郭锡良先生在《介词“于”的起源与发展》一文中也指出:“在甲骨文中,‘于’字用作介词的类型也有多种,它是由‘去到’义动词虚化而成的。”也就是说“于”本是动词,意义是“去到”,经过语法化以后意义虚化,就由动词转化为介词。另外要想系统地研究介词,还要对介词进行划定。从语义上看,介词的作用在于引出与动作相关的对象(施事、受事、与事、工具)以及处所、时间等。此外,还要根据词的语法功能对其进行划分,也就是词与词的组合能力,即词在语句里充当句子成分的能力和虚词与实词的组合能力。

通过上述标准,我们就可以来判定甲骨文中的作为介词的“于”,例如:

(1)壬寅卜,王于商。(合33124)

(2)辛卯卜,王入商。(合33125)

(3)辛酉卜,殻贞:今二月王入于商。(合7774)

“王于商”就是王到商邑去,“王入商”与“王于商”的格式相同,“于”和“入”都是动词,“于”具有“去到”义。有人可能会认为“王于商”中“于”前省略了动词,“于”在此句中仍是介词,这种看法是不妥当的,因为动词做句子的主干成分往往很少省略。例(3)也很有力地证明了这一点,“……王入于商”中“于”才是介词,句中有动词“入”,与例(2)“王入商”比较,可以看出:如果句中有其他动词,“于”就作介词,引进与动作相关的对象以及处所、时间等,并且介词 “于”有时也可以省略;如果一个句子中无其他动词,那么“于”在该句中为动词。在甲骨文时代,人们还只是用语言进行简单的交际,大部分卜辞都是用来占卜做某件事的利弊,所以动词往往是不可以省略的。甲骨文中这类例子很多,后面还将论述。

二、介词“于”的用法

杨伯峻认为:介绍一个名词或代名词到另外一个词上去来表明这两个词的关系的,叫做介词。介词的下面,一定是名词或代名词,再不然就是名词语(杨伯峻《中国文法语文通解》1956年11月商务印书馆)。也就是说,介词是把名词、代词或名词性短语介绍给动词、形容词的虚词,在句法构造中起介引作用的词。介词“于”是一个很重要的虚词,在殷墟甲骨刻辞中也是发展较为成熟的介词。说它成熟是由其在甲骨刻辞中的用例所决定的。郭锡良先生曾对《殷墟甲骨刻辞摹释总集》进行过统计,其中“于”字共用了9000多次,残缺和难以诠释的用例3000多次,可以辨识的用例为5000多次,动词用例占5%左右,可见介词用例的比例有多大。郭锡良先生在《介词“于”的起源和发展》一文中又指出:“在甲骨文中,‘于’字用作介词的类型也有多种,它是由‘去到’义动词虚化而成的。”这里把介词“于”的用法大致分为以下几种:

(一)“于”作为介词,可为动词中心语引进动作进行的处所、时间以及动作涉及的人名、庙号和山川神祗。这种用法在甲骨刻辞中运用广泛,郭锡良先生考察《殷墟甲骨刻辞摹释总集》指出:介词“于”引进处所的用例占18%左右,引进时间的用例占9%左右,引进祭祀对象的用例占68%左右。引进祭祀对象的比例大,是由卜辞的性质决定的。下面分别举例说明:

1.引进处所。这类介词“于”具有“在”“到”之义。“在”义的句中,“于”及宾语只做补语;“到”义句中,既可以做补语,也可以做状语。

(4)戊寅卜,争贞:王于生七月入于商?(合1666)

(5)贞:方允其来于沚?不其来。方其来于沚?方不其来?其来?不其来?(合6728)

(6)贞:王往于敦?(合7948)

(7)五日甲子允酒,有鑿于东。(合10302)

上述例句中划线的指方位处所,例(4)中的“于”是“在”义,其余的是“到”义。在甲骨卜辞中“到”义很常见,“在”义则很少见。

2.引进时间。也具有“在”“到”义。“在”义“于”及其宾语在句中只做状语;“到”义的“于”及其宾语既可以做状语,也可以做补语。

(8)贞:勿于今夕入。(合1506)

(9)丁亥卜:汝有疾,于今三月弗水。(合22098)

(10)甲辰贞:其祷禾于丁末。(合33331)

(11)丁巳卜:惠今月酒宜?丁巳卜:于木月酒宜。(合32216)

这类“于”在卜辞中“到”义常见,如例(8)(9);“在”义不常见,如例(10)(11)。张玉金指出:甲骨文的时间介宾短语是以前置作状语为常的,而非时间介宾短语是以后置作补语为常的。

3.引进人名、庙号及山川神祗。这中引介在甲骨刻辞中用的最多,一般译为“向”“对”“给”。

(12)丁未卜,争贞:王告于祖乙。(合1583)

(13)丁酉卜:其祷年于岳。(合27465)

(14)其祷年在毓,王受年?于祖乙祷,王受年?于大甲祷,王受年?(合28274)

(15)癸卯卜:祷雨于示壬?于上甲祷雨?(合32344)

介词“于”和它的宾语一般出现在谓语动词之后做补语,在这类句子中为了突出强调宾语,常把“于”和宾语置于谓语动词之前做状语,如例(14)和例(15)。

(二)介词“于”可以用也可以不用,表达的是同一个意思。

(16)贞:不至于商。五月。(前2.2.3)

贞:右至商。(乙2212)

(17)癸卯卜,殻:右于河,三羌,卯三牛,爎一牛?

癸卯卜,殻贞:爎河,一牛,右三羌,卯三牛?(丙124)

(18)辛酉卜,殻贞:今二月王入于商。(合7774)

辛卯卜,王入商。(合33125)

由以上例句可以看出,动词之后可以省略介词“于”,直接用地名、人名或庙号作宾语。这种情况在甲骨卜辞中并不常见,只是到了五期时才增多,陈炜湛认为:从武丁到乙辛,介词“于”字在动词之后并非是不可缺少的,但由于他们的存在,却使卜辞的文法多样化了。在武丁卜辞中,动词后多数带“于”字结构作补语,只有少数直接带宾语;在乙辛卜辞中,一般不加。

(三)介词“于”常与“自”搭配使用,形成甲骨卜辞中的固定句式;有“自……至于……”“自今至于……”“自今……至于……”,这些是在称占卜的某一段时间、方位时使用的句式。“于”仍为引介时间、处所的介词。

(19)自今辛至于来辛又大雨?(合30048)

(20)癸亥卜,古贞:祷年自上甲至于多毓?

甲子卜,古贞:祷年自上甲?(合10111)

(21)丁巳卜,亘贞:自今至于庚申其雨?

贞:自今丁巳至于庚申不雨?(合12324)

(22)癸酉卜,王贞:自今癸酉至于乙酉邑人其见方抑,不其见方执?(合799)

(23)癸酉卜:自今至于丁丑其雨?(合21052)

这几种形式在甲骨刻辞中同时并存,都能表示所涉及的对象或时间位移的起点和终点。

(四)关于介词“于”是否具有被动式的探讨

郭锡良先生在《中国语文》1997年第2期上发表的《介词“于”的起源和发展》一文中谈到“受事名词+动词+于+名词”,如:“三百羌用于丁。”(合295)“丙寅卜,亘贞:王?多屯,若于下上?”(合808正)“贞:贞王?(多)屯,不若?左于下上?”(丙528)这是被看成表被动的于字句。(合295)中的“于丁”虽然介绍的不是施事者,但是也不是简单的祭祀对象,而是普通动词“用”涉及的对象,是动作的受益者。下两例的“下上”可以认为是引进的施事,只是“若”“左”还不是典型的及物动词。其实“于”字句不能算真正的被动式,“于”引进的是动作适应的范围,是一种广义的处所。在甲骨文中,这种表被动的于字句用例不多。

张玉金在《甲骨文语法学》一书中谈到:“具有引介施事词语功能的介词‘于’是‘被’‘受’的意思。”并提到“被动句中表示施事的‘于’字短语。”如:

(24)丙寅卜,亘贞:王?多屯,若于下上?

贞:王?多屯,若于下乙?(合808)

(25)己未贞:旨千若于帝,祐?

贞:旨千不若于帝,左?(合14199)

目前学术界对于介词“于”是否具有被动式还尚无定论。

参考文献:

[1]郭沫若.甲骨文合集[M].北京:中华书局,1982.

[2]郭锡良.介词“于”的起源和发展[J].中国语文,1997,(2).

[3]杨伯峻.中国文法语文通解[M].北京:商务印书馆,1956.

[4]张玉全.甲骨文语法学[M].上海:学林出版社,2001.

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