大学物理a期末试卷

2024-09-02

大学物理a期末试卷（精选7篇）

大学物理a期末试卷篇1

struck an iceberg in the Atlantic.A)tripB)tourC)voyageD)journey

13.On one __________, they locked her in the car when they went to a Call and wind up the window to prevent her overhearing.（偷听）

A)OccasionB)campusC)voyageD)basis

14.the result of very accident, however __________, is a rise in the cost of insurance.A)radicalB)rareC)reluctantD)minor

124A卷

15.If you wish, we can __________ luggage（行李）to be sent on ahead to each of the overnight stops.A)memorizeB)contractC)arrangeD)commit

二．Cloze（完形填空）（每小题2分，共40分）

We were young;we were smart;we were looking forward to the world of work.And ___(16)___We graduated from Oxford University in the early 1970s, my wife and I thought we’d ___(17)___ it all.We’d both have successful ,satisfying careers(事业)。We’d have ____(18)___ time to travel the world and have fun.We’d ___(19)___ in our kids’ upbringing and ___(20)___ the housework.We believed that the world of staying-at-home moms and job trapped(为工作所困不能脱身的)dads had ___(21)___sometime around 1969.We were ___(22)___, of course.In her 30s, my wife gave ___(23)___ her job as a government official to have children.Trying to balance(平衡)work and family, she took part-time jobs that ___(24)___ some cases were enjoyable ___(25)___ that never gave her the advancement that you get ___(26)___ you’re in full-time employment.Meanwhile---first for fun, ___(27)___because the extra income helped---I allowed work to take over my life, spending nights and weekends___(28)___ on books or TV films.I’ve ___(29)___ nothing close to the time I wanted to ___(30)___ my two daughters.True, there should b e some rules against well-paid people complaining about their lot in life, but the three-way balance work, family and non-job, non-kid things that ___(31)___ much spice(情趣)to life---whatever happened ___(32)___ my tennis game or the trips to foreign lands?---is nothing ___(33)___ what my wife and I imagined it would be.It’s not just women who are ___(34)___ that modern life has not fulfilled their various needs.___(35)___ are millions of men who wanted their marriage to be true partnership of equals.16.A)whenB)whileC)asD)since

17.A)doB)haveC)takeD)make

18.A)plentyB)littleC)enoughD)few

19.A)putB)shareC)workD)help

20.A)divideB)separateC)breakD)do

21.A)stoppedB)endedC)closedD)completed

22.A)rightB)wrongC)sureD)confused

23.A)inB)awayC)upD)back

24.A)onB)forC)atD)in

25.A)butB)orC)andD)however

26.A)thoughB)ifC)asD)unless

27.A)latterB)laterC)secondlyD)again

28.A)turningB)relyingC)workingD)looking

29.A)doneB)takenC)leftD)spent

30.A)forB)withC)atD)on

31.A)addB)increaseC)commitD)take

32.A)atB)toC)forD)on

33.A)asB)toC)likeD)for

34.A)embarrassedB)wakenedC)disappointedD)disturbed

35.A)SoB)AsC)AlsoD)Nor

三、Reading Comprehension(阅读理解)（每小题3分，共30分）

Passage One

Some people have it easy.When their kids ask them what they do at work, they can give a simple, direct answer: “I put out fires”or “I fix sick people”or “I teach primary school.” As a theoretical(理论的)physicist, I never has this luck.Society has come to expect many things from the physicists.It used to be that we only had to discover the basic laws of the world and supply the techniques that would power the next Silicon Valley(硅谷).With these expectations we were fairly comfortable: they are the sorts of things we think we know how to do.What makes us uncomfortable—and what makes it hard for us to tell our kids what we’re up to—is that in this century we have become, though unwillingly , gurus on questions such as “What is the nature of Reality?”

We now deal with a whole new class of problems.We ask how the world began and what is the nature of matter.The answers we are coming up with are just not easy to comprehend for the average person.So, when physicists get out of their cars in the morning, have a cup of coffee and sit down in front of their computers, they leave a familiar world and enter a place where things act in strange ways that are impossible for ordinary people to understand.36.According to the passage, in a way physicists are___________.A)intelligentB)comfortableC)strangeD)unlucky

37.Judging from the context, the word “guru” in the first paragraph most probably means a person ________.A)who acts as a teacher and answers big questions

B)who gives wrong answers to big questions

C)who does not have answers to real big questions

D)who is eager to supply answers to big questions

38.Which of the following is true according to what the author says about physicists?

A)Physicists do not like their jobs.B)Physicists live in two different worlds.C)Physicists are coming up with new answers to old questions.D)Physicists don’t have to tell people what they are doing.39.Which of the following statements is true of theoretical physicists?

A)They only have to answer the basic questions about the world.B)They have contributed to the new industry in Silicon Valley.C)They have disappointed the expectations of many people.D)They have found it hard to make friends with ordinary people.40.Which of the following is true about the job of today’s physicists?

A)It is getting easier and easier with the help of modern technology.B)It is not related to any practical use.C)It cannot be done by a person with average intelligence.D)It is beyond the comprehension of ordinary people.Passage Two

I was born in the city of York, in England, in the year 1632.My father was a man of some wealth, able to give me a good home and sent me to school.It was his wish that I should be a lawyer but my head began to be filled very early with thoughts of travel, and I would be satisfied with nothing but going to sea.My father gave me strong advice against it, but with little effect.One day, being at Hull, I met a school-fellow who was about to sail for London in his father’s ship, and he invited me to go with him, and without telling my father, I went on board.On the way to London, a storm arose, the ship was wrecked(失事), and we barely escaped with our lives.I went on foot to London, where I met with the master of a vessel which did business with countries on the coast of Africa.He took a fancy to me, and offered me a chance to go with him on his voyages, which I gladly accepted.A great storm came up, and the ship was tossed about for many days, until we did not know where we were.Suddenly we struck a bank of sand, and the sea broke over the ship in such a way that we could not hope to have her hold many moments without breaking into pieces.So we launched(使„下水)a boat.After we had been driven four or five miles, a mountainous wave struck us so hard that it overturned the boat at once.Though I swam well but the waves were so strong that I was dashed against a rock with such force that it left me senseless.But I recovered a little before the waves returned, and, running forward, got to the mainland safely.41.What did the author want to do most when he was young?

A)To visit Africa.B)To sail the seas.C)To practice law.D)To make a tour of London.42.Why did author go on foot to London?

A)The ship he took was destroyed in a storm.B)His father did not supply the fare for the journey.C)He went against his father’s strong advice not to do so.D)His school-fellow invited him to go together.43.Why did they launch a boat?

A)They knew they were near the shore.B)The big waves were about to overturn the ship.C)Their ship had been knocked about for many days on the sea.D)Their ship had struck sand and was about to break into pieces.44.When the author got to the mainland, he_________.A)searched everywhere for his lost companions

B)fell down on the ground senseless

C)was safe and sound

D)ran forward to escape being washed back into the sea

45.When the author finally arrived on land, he most probably________.A)knew he was in Africa

B)did not know where he was

C)was not aware he was back in England

大学物理a期末试卷篇2

注意事项:本试卷分第I卷 (选择题) 和第II卷 (非选择题) 两部分。第I卷1至8页。第II卷9至12页。共150分。考试时间120分钟。

1. 答第I卷前, 考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂在答题卡上。每小题选出答案后, 用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需要改动, 用橡皮擦干净后, 再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试卷上。

2. 听力分为选择题和非选择题两部分。非选择题答在第II卷上。

3. 第II卷答案一律写在试卷上。交卷时只交答题卡和第II卷。。

第 I 卷 (共 94 分)

第一部分:听力 (共三节, 满分30分)

听力分为选择题和非选择题两部分。选择题为第1至16题;非选择题为第62至65题。

第一节 (共5小题;每小题1.5分, 满分7.5分)

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应的位置。听完每段对话后, 你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Why can’t the woman give the man directions?

A. She is too weak to say much.

B. She hasn’t been here long either.

C. She is very much afraid.

2. How does the man feel?

A. He is sorry about his illness.

B. He is happy about lying in bed.

C. He is upset with the woman’s words.

3. Where is the conversation probably taking place?

A. On a plane. B. At the airport. C. In London.

4. Why won’t the woman go to the concert?

A. She will watch TV.

B. She will see her friend.

C. She will look after some children.

5. Who is the man probably talking to?

A. His daughter. B. His doctor. C. His patient.

第二节 (共11小题;每小题1.5分, 满分16.5分)

听下面4段对话。每段对话后有几个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话前, 你将有时间阅读各小题, 每小题5秒钟;听完后, 各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话读两遍。

听第6段材料, 回答第6至第7题。

6. Who will Lily send the postcard to?

A. Her parents. B. Her friend. C. Her grandparents.

7. When will they gather to celebrate Lily’s birthday tomorrow?

A. At 6 pm. B. At 6:15 pm. C. At 6:50 pm.

听第7段材料, 回答第8至第10题。

8. What does the man learn about animals and insects?

A. They have their own words.

B. They have their own languages.

C. They can talk with each other.

9. What does the woman think of the machine?

A. Wonderful. B. Common. C. Expensive.

10. Why does the woman want to buy a machine like that?

A. She is curious about the machine.

B. She needs to do research on animals.

C. She wants to understand her dog better.

听第8段材料, 回答第11至第13题。

11. When will they go to the ruins?

A. Today. B. Next week. C. Tomorrow.

12. What does the woman think of her room?

A. Clean and comfortable.

B. Clean but uncomfortable.

C. Dirty and uncomfortable.

13. What are the man and the woman?

A. Teachers. B. Students. C. Guides.

听第9段材料, 回答第14至第16题。

14. Who cooked a lot in David’s family in the past?

A. His father. B. His mother. C. David.

15. What did they fi nd interesting?

A. David doesn’t know how to cook.

B. Young husbands usually help cook.

C. Mothers usually do all the cooking.

16. Which country does the woman’s mother come from?

A. Britain. B. Australia. C. China.

第三节 (共4小题;每小题1.5分, 满分6分)

听第10段材料, 根据你所听到的内容, 在表格中第62至第65小题的空格里填上适当的单词, 使信息完整。每空填一个词。 ( 注意:请将本题答案写在二卷指定位置 )

第二部分:英语知识运用 (共两节, 满分40分)

第一节单项填空 (共10小题;每小题1分, 满分10分)

从A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

17. The World Cup is a world-famous event, _______ everybody on the planet loves talking about.

A. which B. where C. that D. what

18. The visitors are so amazed at the snow here that they _______ for another two days.

A. stay B. have stayed C. are staying D. stayed

19. Margot won the fi rst place and she got her _______ of a seven-day journey to New Zealand.

A. reward B. charge C. value D. bargain

20. Peter doesn’t want to live in the country when he grows up, nor _______ to live in the city.

A. will he want B. he will want C. does he want D. he wants

21. We _______ the harm and will take steps to prevent it happening.

A. inspect B. recognize C. select D. ignore

22. Rescue workers are on the way to save those who _______ in the mountains because of the heavy snow.

A. were trapped B. trapped C. are trapping D. are trapped

23. I was frightened to death. It was several minutes _______ I realized what was happening.

A. before B. since C. until D. after

24. She is determined to get what she wants, _______ she will have to wait 18 years for it.

A. as if B. only if C. if only D. even if

25. December is that time of year _______ we pack up our thoughts and prepare for the next year.

A. where B. that C. when D. which

26. — Owen just has had no luck with job-hunting. — _______. He should have worked harder in college.

A. Yes, I agree B. You are correct

C. No way D. I’m sorry, but I don’t agree

第二节完形填空 (共20小题;每小题1.5分, 满分30分)

阅读下面短文, 从短文后所给各题的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

When I was small, my mom would use toast ( 土司面包 ) for dinner. I remember one __27__, after working all day, she still wanted to do something special for __28__. On that evening, my mom __29__ a plate of eggs, sausages and very burnt toast in front of my dad. I waited to see if anyone noticed. __30__ my dad just took his toast, __31__ at my mom and asked me how my day at school had been. Though I don’t __32__ what I told him that night, I do remember watching him put butter and jelly ( 果冻甜品 ) __33__ that toast. He ate it up __34__ , every single bite. After dinner, I remember hearing my mom say sorry to my dad for __35__ the toast. I’ll never forget what he said: “Honey, I love burnt toast.”Later that night, I went to kiss Daddy good __36__ . I asked him if he __37__ liked his toast burnt. He __38__ me in his arms and said: “Your Mommy worked very hard today. She’s really __39__ . And besides–a bit of burnt toast never hurts anyone!”

Life is full of imperfect things. __40__ is perfect. I’m not the best at anything. But I’ve learned something important over the years. We need to __41__ each other’s mistakes. We need to appreciate each other’s __42__. These two things are the keys to creating healthy, growing and lasting __43__. This rule goes for any relationship – friends, family, and even the people you __44__ on the bus. __45__ is the basis of everything, whether between a husband and wife, a parent and child or just between two friends. Don’t get __46__ if the toast gets burnt. Remember, burnt toast never hurts anyone. It’s the kind thoughts that count, and the people with those kind thoughts who make life worth living.

27. A. morning B. evening C. afternoon D. noon

28. A. herself B. dad C. us D. me

29. A. threw B. removed C. packed D. placed

30. A. But B. And C. So D. Or

31. A. shouted B. smiled C. laughed D. looked

32. A. recognize B. understand C. like D. remember

33. A. in B. beside C. on D. under

34. A. on purpose B. in relief C. as usual D. in a way

35. A. breaking B. burning C. softening D. boiling

36. A. night B. bye C. evening D. day

37. A. exactly B. really C. extremely D. quite

38. A. carried B. kept C. held D. controlled

39. A. tired B. caring C. stubborn D. determined

40. A. Everybody B. Nobody C. Anybody D. Somebody

41. A. accept B. know C. forget D. enjoy

42. A. shortcomings B. similarities C. successes D. differences

43. A. friendship B. power C. relationship D. attitude

44. A. meet with B. care about C. turn to D. deal with

45. A. Helping B. Ignoring C. Protecting D. Understanding

46. A. frightened B. upset C. amazed D. excited

第三部分阅读理解 (共两节 ; 满分30分)

第一节: (共10小题;每小题2分, 满分20分)

阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

The accident happened just a few months after I picked up my new car. It was clearly not my fault ( 过错 ) . The other guy was so busy on his cell phone that he went right through a red light and ran into my car. My new and very beautiful car was destroyed. It was even frightening because my niece was asleep on the back seat and her father, my brother, was in the front passenger seat. He was not happy.

The police arrived and began taking statements. I explained that I had been going at about 55 kmph. “So you were going about 50 kmph…”he said.

“No, I said I was doing about 55 kmph, ” I said.

“Right, so you were doing about 50 kmph…”again he repeated.

In a slightly angry voice because I felt I wasn’t being heard, I said: “No! I was doing about 55 kmph!”

“OK, if that’s the way you want it, ” this time the offi cer simply replied.

I didn’t realize it at the time. The city speed limit is 50 kmph. My insurance company paid me for the damages to my car. However, I ended up getting 50 percent less than I would have from the other guy’s insurance company because I had insisted I was doing 55 kmph.

I thought about what had happened again. It suddenly struck me that the traffi c policeman had been trying to help me out. He had known something about the insurance that I had not. I might have insisted that I told the truth, but I could at least have said “Thank you” to him instead of acting so rudely.

Sometimes the hardest thing to do is to have a listening ear - let other people talk while you simply shut up and listen. Never forget - to hear, you have to be able to listen.

47. The writer was frightened because _______ when the accident happened.

A. the other driver was too careless B. his new beautiful car was destroyed

C. he had two passengers on his car D. he was making a phone call while driving

48. The policeman repeated the writer was going 50 kmph to _______.

A. question him on the city speed limit

B. help him to get out of the trouble

C. make him angry by ignoring him

D. show him he took careful statements

49. The most important lesson the writer learned from the accident is _______.

A. never to make a phone call while driving

B. never to make dishonest statements to police

C. to learn the details of the insurance items

D. to let others talk and be a good listener

Some desert animals can live through the summer heat and dryness because they are very unusual. The camel, for example, can experience and bear an increase in the temperature of its body and its blood of 9℃without anything bad happening to it. In addition, it can drink a lot of water at one time; then store enough water in its body to supply its needs for two weeks or more. The kangaroo rat ( 长鼻袋鼠 ) , on the other hand, gets all the water it needs from water that it produces when it breathes. However, most animals can’t bear it if their body temperature rises more than 5℃ . Nor can they store or produce water in their bodies like the camel and kangaroo rat. So, because of the high temperature of a typical summer day, most of them are active only in the night. Only after the sun has set does the desert come fully to life. The night is relatively cool, and the darkness provides protection, not only from the sun, but also from other animals and the birds. So the coming of darkness is the signal for most animals and insects to start again their search for water and food. When morning comes, most of them seek shelter again.

For many kinds of insects, living in the desert is easier than for animals. Like many desert plants, they have a waterproof skin which prevents water loss because of the high temperature. In addition, some insects spend all or most of their life below ground. Here, for most of the year at least, there is some water, and it is generally cooler than on the surface. In the case of ants, only grown-up ants leave the underground nests ( 巢穴 ) , and they do soonly to gather food or to defend the nest against attack.

50. The camel and the kangroo rat are different from other animals in that _______.

A. they are animals not usually seen in the desert

B. they can bear a great increase in body temperature

C. they can get the water they need through breathing

D. they can either store or produce water in their bodies

51. The desert is full of life _______.

A. when animals look for food and water at summer nights

B. when it is morning and everything becomes active

C. when dangerous animals and birds sleep in the summer sun

D. when it is evening and animals begin to look for shelter for safety

52. The underlined word “waterproof” in the last paragraph means _______.

A. something that keeps you dry in wet weather

B. something that stops water passing through

C. something that gets damaged by water

D. something that tells you that you need water

53. Which of the following might serve as the best title for the passage?

A. Living Actively at Nights in the Desert.

B. Looking for Food and Water in the Desert.

C. Surviving Heat and Dryness in the Desert.

D. Finding Shelter from Enemy in the Desert.

Mountains & Valleys Tour

This 8-day tour takes you up and down, through coffee country, tobacco fi elds and farms. You’ll travel from the land of horses and cowboys to the ground that produces some of the country’s sweetest fruit, seeing high hilltops to Central America’s largest body of water.

Destination ( 目的地 ) : Managua, Nicaragua

Trip Length: 8 days

Price: From $1750 to $1850 per person

Age: 7 to 65+

Do It Yourself W-Trek

This do-it-yourself hiking is so designed that you need walk to the lookout point to the famous Towers, the rushing French river and the hanging glaciers, sleeping in mountain hotels. And of course, it takes plenty of strength.

Destination: Santiago, Chile

Trip Length: 11 days

Price: From $1850 to $2050 per person

Age: 18 to 65+

Society Islands, Tahiti

The islands of Tahiti in the South Pacifi c offer tourists a great destination. From our Tahiti hotels, sail out and enjoy the 118 islands. With high mountains, white sand, blue houses and green waters, this island has something for everyone.

Destination: Tahiti, French Polynesia

Trip Length: 7 days

Price: From $4000 to $6000 per person

Age: 6 to 65+

City Tour around Italy

Italy is perfect for those who enjoy the arts, architecture, breathtaking scenery, and beautiful beaches. Thejourney begins with Venice or Milan, then Florence and Rome. A quick train ride will get you to the beautiful waters at Amalfi Coast. Your last night will be spent in Naples.

Destination: Amalfi Coast; Florence; Naples; Rome; Venice; Milan, Italy

Trip Length: 16 days

Price: From $2500 to $ 3500 per person

Age: 8 to 65+

54. With a week to afford for a vacation, Willie will fi nd the trip to _______ best suits his schedule.

A. Santiago, Chile B. Tahiti, French Polynesia

C. Italian cities D. Managua, Nicaragua

55. The Jones are taking their nine-year-old son on an art trip, they would probably choose “_______”.

A. Mountains & Valleys Tour B. Do It Yourself W-Trek

C. Society Islands, Tahiti D. City Tour around Italy

56. Older people might refuse to consider Do It Yourself W-Trek because _______.

A. the price is too high B. the trip lasts a bit long

C. the hiking is tiring D. the age limit is loose

第二节 (共5小题;每小题2分, 满分10分)

阅读下面短文。根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 (注意:选E涂AB;选F涂AC;选G涂AD)

Effects ( 影响 ) of Television

Television affects the way people spend their time and what and how they learn. Some scientists believe TV has a greater infl uence on young people than on adults ( 成人 ) .

●Effects on free time

A typical ( 典型的 ) adult spends more time watching TV than doing anything else except sleeping and working. ___57___ It takes time away from other activities of adults, such as reading, conversation, social gatherings, and exercise.

●Effects on learning

Television is of great help to what home viewers learn. ___58___ However, TV also may add to people’s bad impressions of the world.

1. ___59___

No communication system has ever provided so many people with new experiences as television has. Without leaving their homes, TV viewers can see how people in far-off lands look and live. Television takes viewers to deserts, jungles ( 丛林 ) , and the ocean f loor. A TV viewer can see how a famous actor performs the role of Hamlet…

2. Harmful impressions

Television programs often show people who lead more wonderful lives and are richer than most of us. ___60___ As a result, the expectations of us are raised. One harmful effect results when people fail to achieve the success they see on TV.

●Effects on young people

___61___ Parents have long been concerned about the amount ( 数量 ) of time young people spend watching TV. Studies have connected watching a lot of television with poor performance in school. However, some experts don’t believe that TV viewing actually causes students to perform poorly.

A. Enriched experience

B. Fast communication

C. It improves people’s learning by widening their experience.

D. Watching television improves the students’ performance in school.

E. There is little agreement about how television affects young people.

F. In addition, TV advertisements try to persuade us to buy many unwanted goods.

G. Watching television may be the most time-costing free-time activity among adults.

第 II 卷 (共 56 分)

听力:非选择题部分 (共4小题。每小题1.5分, 满分6分)

第四部分:填空 (共三节, 满分20分)

第一节:单词拼写 (共5小题。每小题1分, 满分5分)

根据下列句子及所给汉语注释, 写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。 (每空只写一词)

66. She gladly gave up her part-time job and_______ ( 专心于 ) herself entirely to her art.66. ___________

67. The government sent millions of dollars’ _______ ( 价值 ) of supplies to the disaster-hit area. 67. ___________

68. Women and girls must be treated _______ ( 平等地 ) if a country is to grow. 68. ___________

69. This year, Buick got the fi rst place as the most _______ ( 可靠的 ) car in the world. 69. ___________

70. It will take the scientists six weeks to _______ ( 探测 ) the underwater mountains. 70. ___________

第二节:完成句子 (共5小题。每空1分, 满分10分)

根据所给汉意, 补全下列英文句子, 每空只填一词。

71. 让我们携手保护濒危物种, 使其不致灭绝。

Let’s work together to ________ endangered species ________ dying out.

72. 直到多年以后我才见到了保罗。

________ wasn’t until after many years ________ I met Paul.

73. 戴茜仍在和双方商谈以寻求解决问题的方法。

Daisy is still talking to both sides ________ ________ of a way to solve their problem.

74. 最终决断前你一定要花时间去真正地了解他。

Take the time to really learn about him before you ________ ________ your mind.

75. 她在以前的生活中从来没有经历过这样的困难。

Never before in her life has she _______ _______ such diffi culties.

第三节:短文填空 (共5小题。每小题1分, 满分5分)

在短文的空白处填入合适的单词, 使短文意义完整, 逻辑通顺。答案写在短文后面的指定位置。 (每空只填一词)

Do you know why English has changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop. Old English was very different from the English spoken today. It was 76 more on German than the English we speak at present. Then, English gradually became 77 like German because the settlers, who spoke fi rst Danish and later French, 78 Britain between about AD 800 and 1150. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. By the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make 79 of a wider vocabulary than ever before. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. Now, English is also spoken 80 a foreign or second language in many parts of the world.

76. ________ 77. ________ 78. ________ 79. ________ 80. ________

第五部分:写作 (共两节, 满分30分)

第四节:短文改错 (共10小题;每小题1分, 满分10分)

读下面的短文, 文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号 (∧) , 并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除:把多余的词用斜线 () 划掉。

修改:在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。

2. 只允许修改10处, 多者 (从第11处起) 不计分。

3. 必须按答题要求做题, 否则不给分。

Hi Susan,

We’re planning a party for Xiaoming’s birthday, that will be held at 8 pm this Friday after the evening classes. We’d like to invited you to the party. We want to give him a surprise, so please keep quietly about it. We’ll gather at the Students’ Club, and each of them will prepare a little present. When he comes, and we’ll light the candles and sing “Happy Birthday” together for him. Then the cake will cut and we’ll sing several song and play games. The party is going to last about a hour. It’ll be nice to see how exciting he will be. I’m sure you would have a good time at the party, too.

Yours,

Li Hua

第五节:书面表达 (满分20分)

最近, 某英语报社就要不要继续寻找丢失的琥珀屋 (Amber Room) 展开了讨论。请你就以下要点写一篇短文 :

1. 它由精选稀有的琥珀制成, 并用金子和珠宝加以装饰。

2. 它的设计风格奇特, 具有很大的艺术学习价值。

3. 它是珍贵文化遗产, 具有历史研究价值。

4. 寻找的过程也是研究的过程, 所以值得寻找。

注意:1. 可以根据要点适当增加细节, 字数80左右。

2. 开头已给出, 不计入总词数。

Recently, we had a discussion about whether we should continue to search for the Amber Room. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

附参考答案

I 卷

听力:1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. C

单项选择:17. A 18. C 19. A 20. C 21.B 22.D 23. A 24. D 25. C 26.D

完形填空:27. B 28. C 29. D 30. A 31.B 32. D 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. B 41. A 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. B

阅读理解:47. C 48. B 49. D 50. D 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. D 56. C 57. G 58. C 59. A 60. F 61. E

II 卷

62. stadium 63. transport / transportation 64. English 65. Green

(62-65小题旨在考查学生在听中获取信息的能力。建议:62、63题中如有一个字母的拼写错误, 或64、65题中首字母小写, 可给分。)

66. devoted 67. worth 68. equally 69. reliable 70. explore

71. protect…from 72. It…that 73. in search 74. make up 75. gone through

76. based 77. less 78. ruled / governed / controlled 79. use 80. as

短文改错

Hi Susan,

We’re planning a party for Xiaoming’s birthday, will be held at 8 pm this Friday afterthe evening classes. We’d like toyou to the party. We want to give him a surprise, so please keepabout it. We’ll gather at the Students’ Club, and each ofwillprepare a little present. When he comeswe’ll light the candles and sing “HappyBirthday” together for him. Then the cake willcut and we’ll sing severaand playgames. The party is going to last abouthour. It’ll be nice to see howhe will be.I’m sure youhave a good time at the party, too

Yours,

Li Hua

书面表达

One possible version

Most ofus think it is well worth doing. Firstly, several tons of rare amber were selected to make the Amber Room, which was also decorated with gold and jewels. Secondly, the design of the room was in such a fancy style that artists today can learn a lot from it. In addition, as a cultural relic, it is of great value to the study of history. Finally, while searching for it, we are also doing a kind of research. So there is no doubt that we should continue our search.

听力录音稿

Text 1

M: Excuse me, can you tell me if this bus goes to Park Square?

W: Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t. I’ve only been here a few weeks myself.

Text 2

W: Why do you still lie in bed? Just look at the rubbish all around you.

M: You shouldn’t speak like that. I feel a bit sick today.

Text 3

W: When will we be arriving in London?

M: We still have to fl y another forty minutes before we arrive at Gatvick.

Text 4

M: If you’d like to go to the concert this Friday, my sister will give me two tickets for tomorrow.

W: Thank you, but I promised my friend that I’d watch her children.

Text 5

W: I’m not feeling so well.

M: Get some rest and take these three times a day and you will feel better. If you don’t, come back and see me.

Text 6

M: Hi, Lily. Is there anything I can do for you?

W: Oh, yes. I’d like to send a postcard to my grandparents. Where’s the post offi ce?

M: I’m going to the post offi ce after school. Shall I post it for you or shall we go together?

W: Let’s go together then. Tomorrow is my birthday. Will you come to my birthday party?

M: Wow, how great! I’d love to. I will bring you a gift.

W: Thanks. Oh, by the way, I don’t have many friends yet. Would you like to bring your friends too?

M: That will be wonderful. I’ll ask my best friends to join us. Can we gather at 6 pm after the classes?

W: Better a little later, say, 6:15 at the hall?

M: OK. We’re sure to have a good time.

W: Thanks a lot.

Text 7

M: It has been proved that animals and insects have their own languages.

W: Really? Tell me more!

M: Well, their languages are not like ours. They have no letters or characters.

W: Then how do you decide what they are?

M: It depends on what you see and hear. For example, bees can talk by dancing.

W: I see. I’m always wondering why my dog barks in certain ways. If I knew his language, I would get along with him better!

M: Actually you can. Someone in Japan has invented a machine to translate a dog’s bark.

W: Great! I’ve got to buy one — I hope it won’t be diffi cult to buy a machine like this.

Text 8

W: Hi, Sam, what do you think? We can go to the ruins today. We can also go to the ruins tomorrow.

M: Let’s go tomorrow. The students are all too tired today. One said that the room was not clean and that it was not very comfortable, either.

W: Well, I think the rooms are very clean and comfortable and I have slept very well in mine. Did you notice that Marco and Peter didn’t come to the talk?

M: I suppose they were tired, but that’s not a very good excuse. Well, after visiting the ruins tomorrow, we can then have a rest. We can go to the Indian Restaurant.

W: Good idea! That’s a very popular restaurant. I’m sure our students will like it.

Text 9

W: David, do men help out while women cook in your country?

M: I think it’s changed a lot over the years. Now, men are supposed to help cook and clean.

W: Does your father cook at home?

M: No. Usually, my mom makes the meals. But actually, what I fi nd interesting is that many young husbands will help cook.

W: That’s interesting. What about you, David? Do you cook at home?

M: Well, I don’t know how to cook. The best cook in our family is my dad, actually. And he actually used to get home earlier than my mom. So he would do most of the cooking.

W: Did you ever want to learn cooking?

M: No, I’m quite ashamed. I never did really learn cooking from my parents. Did your mother show you how to cook?

W: She did because she wanted me to learn more about her mother country, but it’s so diffi cult to cook Chinese meals.

Text 10

When choosing a city to host the Olympics, there are certain things we need to consider. The fi rst is the sports facilities. The city must have an Olympic stadium and also has to provide fi rst-class training grounds. The chosen city should also have plenty of good hotels and must have an international airport nearby.

The city itself should be clean and public transport ought to be fast and convenient. If there were lots of good restaurants in the city, this would make it more attractive.

大学物理a期末试卷篇3

【关键词】马来西亚；成绩测试；试卷分析

成绩测试是教学中最常用的一种测试，是根据课程的教学大纲、所用的教材和教学方法考查学生在经过一定时间和阶段的学习之后，所掌握的汉语知识程度，看其是否达到教学大纲和使用教材所要求的范围内，外语水平达到的程度。成绩测试包括了期末测试和阶段性测试（Hughes， 2000），研究表明：“成绩测试不仅可促进学生对课本知识的掌握，而且有利于提高他们的整体语言水平”2（原萍，2002）。成绩测试不仅能检测学生对所学知识的掌握程度，也能作为教师检测教学成果的有效工具，对下一学期的教学有所改进。

一、测试对象

本套试卷的被试是理科大学初级汉语课的330 名学生，其中总院的考生有215人，7名学生缺考。在所有被试中，及格率为95.76%，获83分以上的人数在各分数段中，占百分比最多，为24.24%。根据国际汉语教学通用课程大纲标准，学生完成课程后将达到介于一至二级目标，语言知识方面初步掌握汉语拼音的正确读音与四声、书写和掌握170个左右常用汉字和与日常生活、学校生活相关的最基本词汇、语法方面了解和掌握基本语序。语言综合技能方面，学生在学习该课程后能够理解最基本的，与个人和日常生活密切相关的简单而又十分有限的语言材料，并熟悉日常生活中的一些问候语，用简单的词语自我介绍或与他人沟通。初步了解生活中表达情感（感谢、道歉、告别语）的词语。

二、试卷构成及评分

该大学将成绩测试分为课程作业、期中考试和期末考试。期末考试占了总成绩的60%，一共是100%。由此可见，期末考试在该成绩测试是极具分量的。期中考试的试题设计与期末试卷大致一样，都有选词填空、词语翻译、以汉语拼音回答问题、阅读理解、句子翻译等等，期末考试则增加了造句部分，笔试时间一般是两小时。本套期末试卷分为三部分，第一部分由改正错字和词语翻译组成，占试卷的30%；第二部分由以汉语拼音回答问题和阅读理解组成，占试卷的30%；第三部分则由词语填充、造句和句子翻译组成，占试卷的40%。期末测试主要以测试读、写两项技能为主，听、说技能以分离式测试体现，本文不做赘述。

三、試题分析

试卷第一部分是考察学生对词汇的掌握，共有三大题。第一题为汉字改正，第二和第三题均为词语翻译。汉字改正这部分是由出题教师使用电脑软件将汉字部分删除并配上汉语拼音让学生写出对的汉字；在第二题的词语翻译部分是将汉语词汇翻译成英语或马来语；而第三题则是将英语或马来语的词汇翻译成汉语。词汇翻译这一部分，出题教师除了选出课文中学过的生词，也将一些生词搭配出题，考查学生是否能灵活运用这些词汇，例如：“老朋友”即old friend。然而，批卷过程教师们发现部分学生将“老医生”的答案写成“Doctor Lao”，乍然一见，是错的答案，正确答案是old doctor。虽说“老”是华人姓氏，而这一答案严格上并没有错。然而教师们都清楚这只是学生有错着的情况，经教师们商讨后决定不与满分，只给半分。

试卷的第二部分分两大题，考察的是学生对汉语的理解与应用。第一题以汉语拼音回答问题，共五小题。此部分原是根据图片提示回答相关问题，然而因为考试指示中并未说明答案应根据图片，加上有些图片未能准确显示相关答案，因此部分题目出现多种答案。试卷第二部分的第二题是阅读理解，题型是多项选择题，目的是考察学生对文章的理解。这部分是以英语出题，这使学生更能明白问题，加上文章有汉语拼音，便于学生阅读理解，因此大部分学生在此部分获得满分。

试卷第三部分考察的是学生如何掌握书写方面的技能和知识，分三大题：选词填充、造句和句子翻译。即是考察书写技能，那选词填充部分理应归纳在试卷的第二部分。教师今后在出题之际应尽量避免使用阅读文章中的词语，这样将有效地测出学生的造句水平。句子翻译要求学生将英语或马来语句子翻译成汉语句子，采用双语出题是考虑到部分马来学生英语程度不高。然而部分题目却出现英语原句和马来语原句有些差异，导致有些学生在翻译此句时出现两种标准答案。出题教师以后应尽量避免出现此类错误，以免对通晓双语的学生产生混淆。

四、结语

纵上所述，马来西亚理大汉语教师应加强本身的汉语测试理论知识，将来出题时则能更有效地设计出好的试卷。马来西亚的汉语作为二语教学已有一段时间，语言测试方面的研究，仍留有大片空白，希望通过此次分析能为这方面的研究做出贡献。

参考文献：

[1]Arthur Hughes，Testing for Language Teachers.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000.6

[2]原萍.成就测试对外语教学的正面反拨效应.外语教学，2002.04

[3]国际汉语教学通用课程大纲.外语教学与研究出版社，2008

[4]杨翼.对外汉语教学的成绩测试.北京大学出版社，2010

[5]刘润清.语言测试和他的方法.外语教学与研究出版社，1999

作者简介：

大学物理a期末试卷篇4

12．中世纪中期主要文学作品有三类，即英雄史诗、骑士文学、市民文学 13．托马斯·莫尔的对话体幻想小说《乌托邦》是近代空想社会主义小说的开端。

14．《巴黎圣母院》是雨果小说中浪漫主义色彩最浓的一部。小说中的女主人公是爱斯美拉尔达 15．普希金的短篇小说《驿站长》开俄国文学写“小人物”题材的先河。

16．“批判现实主义”一词是由高尔基（填作家名）提出的。

17.乔伊斯的长篇小说《尤利西斯》被认为是20世纪最伟大的英语文学著作。

18.象征主义（前期）的主要代表是马拉美、魏尔伦和兰波。

二、简答题（每题15分，共45分）19．什么是流浪汉小说？答：流浪汉小说是16世纪中叶出现在西班牙的一种新的文学形式。（3分）它虽不是人文主义文学，但和人文主义文学在精神上有相通之处。（3分）西班牙最早也起最优秀的一部流浪汉小说是<托梅斯河上的小拉撒路》（又译<小癞子》），(3分)作品的写实性，以及它通过主人公的经历串连各种社会画面的结构方法，都显示了它的独特性。（3分）这部小说的影响延伸到17、18世纪，乃至19世纪以后的欧洲小说。（3分）20．简述表现主义文学的主要特征。

答：表现主义是20世纪初产生于德国，后来影响到欧美其他国家的一场文学艺术运动，涉及绘画、音乐、文学等领域。（2分）文学中的表现主义反对按生活的本来面貌描写生活的现实主义原则，强调对客观对象做主观感受的反映以表现对象的内在实质，认为主观感受的真实才是真正的真实。（3分）在创作实践中，表现主义作家经常描写永恒的品质，人物往往是某些共性品质的抽象象征，有时甚至没有具体姓名，有时扭曲客观事物的形象，作品情节常常荒诞离奇。由于强调描写永恒的品质，表现主义诗歌一般不注意客观存在的真实性，而有意去宣扬所谓普遍的人性。（5分）在表现主义文学中，戏剧的成就最为突出。瑞典剧作家斯特林堡被认为是表现主义的先驱，著名的表现主义戏剧家还有德国的凯泽、托勒尔、美国戏剧家尤金·奥尼尔的一些剧作也被认为是表现主义戏剧的重要作品。（5分）21.简述莫泊桑短篇小说的艺术特点。

答：(1)莫泊桑的小说大多取材于平凡的日常生活，截取其中一个极平凡但具有典型意义的片断，反映出深刻的思想内容，以小见大。(7分)(2)构思与布局巧妙。莫泊桑反对“创造奇遇”，不赞成故意写那些危言耸听的故事，主张“以单纯的真实来感动人”。作品取材于平凡的生活，但有引人人胜的情节布局，开始时平稳地展开，情节突然发生转折，往往出现一个意想不到的结局。（8分）三、论述题（共25分）22．试论述《悲惨世界》的思想内容。

大学物理a期末试卷篇5

A．客体论． B．价值论 C．方法论 D．主体论 2．精神分析理论是由奥地利精神病学家()首创的，对整个心理学带来了很大冲击。

A．冯特 B．弗洛伊德 C．格式塔 D．华生 3．教材所介绍的调查方法中，哪一种具体方法是与政治选举的预测一起发展起来的？()A．完全参与观察 B．半参与观察 C．非参与观察 D．抽样调查 4．创立了学年制和班级授课制的是捷克斯洛伐克民主主义思想家、教育家()。

A．夸美纽斯 B．培根 C．昆体良 D．赫尔巴特 5.()是介于经济学和教育学之间的，研究教育与经济的相互关系，并着重对教育进行经济分析的交叉学科。

A．教育政治学 B．教育心理学 C．教育经济学 D．比较教育学 6．下列学科中没有明显阶级倾向的是()。

A．政治学、历史学 B．法学、新闻传播学 C．伦理学、人类学 D．语言学、考古学 7．发动了早期有组织的全球问题研究活动并陆续发表《增长的极限》、《回答未来的挑战——学无止境》等一系列著名的研究报告的学术团体是()。

A．罗马俱乐部 B．斯坦福国际问题研究所 C．兰德公司 D．赫德森研究所 8.20世纪中国人文社会科学发展走过了曲折的道路，显示了前所未有的活力和希望的时期是()。

A．“五四”新文化运动前后 B．20年代 C．50年代 D．80年代之后 9．据有关资料分析，1978年以后当代中国人文社会科学研究成果最为突出的学科是()。

A．经济学 B．管理学 C．历史学 D．政治学 10.“兴于诗，立于礼，成于乐”的教育观点出于()。

A.孔子． B．老子 C．韩非子 D．庄子二、名词解释【每小题5分，共20分）11.人文社会科学：就是以人的社会存在为研究对象，以揭示人的本质和人类社会规律为目的的科学。它是互相交叉联结的人文科学和社会科学的总称，是与广义的自然科学相关联又相对应的一大科学部类。

12.语言与言语：索绪尔提出区分语言和言语：语言是语言符号相互关联的系统，言语则是实际话语。前者是社会的、主要的，后者是个人的、从属的。

13.接受美学：是从接受主体（欣赏者）的反应和接受方面去研究文艺，把欣赏者的理解着作作品的构成因素的一种文艺学——美学思潮。

14．终身教育论：所要回答的基本问题是：教育如何适应迅速变化的社会，如何适应人的终身发展需求。它的主要内容有全程教育、全域教育、全民教育和全面教育四个方面。

三、简答题（每小题15分，共30分）15.20世纪历史学研究模式有哪些变革？答：(1)“欧洲中心论”或“欧美中心论”失去其统治地位；

(4分)(2)传统的“政治史”模式被打破；

(4分)(3)现代历史学研究的主体性的张扬；

(4分)(4)历史学研究方法和技术手段的更新。（3分）16.20世纪下半叶现代心理学的三股新潮是什么？答：一是在认识理论领域中，认知心理学取得重要进展；

（5分）二是在人格理论领域中，人本主义心理学的崛起；

（5分）三是在情绪理论领域中，情绪心理学提出了新的假说。（5分）四、论述题（本题目要求理论与实际相结合，但答案不求一致，尤其鼓励具有创新意识的分析和体会。共30分）17.以文理综合为导向的教育教学改革是当今教育领域的重要潮流之一。请你结合实际，说说这场改革与人文社会科学综合发展、人文社会科学与自然科学综合发展趋势的关系。

答：(1)教育是文化事业的组成部分，教育观念和教育实践深受科学文化思潮发展的直接影响。人类科学的发展，总是沿着较低水平的综合向较为精细的分化，再由分化向较高水平的综合螺旋式路线前进。有分化才有综合，有较高水平的综合才有较高水平的分化。20世纪下半叶，综合发展逐步成为人文社会科学和自然科学界的自觉追求。“打破学科孤立发展的围城”、“不要让一个专业的人在一张桌子上吃饭”、“理论的力量在于综合，在于协同运用”的呼声日益强烈；

研究骨干通才化；

研究人员群体化：出现了文一文沟通，理一理沟通，文一理沟通，共同创造一个综合性的大科学体系的现实可能性。当前的世界和中国，从小学到大学，都在改革教学内容和课程体系；

这场改革的重要指导思想之一，就是强调文理综合。这正是当代人文社会科学乃至大科学综合发展的理论和实践的产物。（11分）(2)教育观念和科学文化思潮，说到底，都是社会实践需求和时代精神的反映。文理综合的教育观念和倡导综合发展的科学文化思潮，同样反映了20世纪下半叶新的社会实践的需求，体现了新的时代精神。所谓新的社会实践的需求，就是信息社会、知识经济对人的知识能力结构的需求；

所谓新的时代精神的召唤，就是提高人的整体素质的召唤。新的世纪，要求人类走出自然科技“指数增长”而人文精神失落的“半个人的时代”；

要求自然科学和人文社会科学结盟、交融；

《土壤肥料学》期末试卷(A卷) 篇6

姓名

学号

成绩

一、名词解释：（每题2分，共16分）

1、阳离子交换量

2、土壤

3、植物营养临界期

4、氮肥利用率

5、磷酸退化作用

6、厩肥

7、报酬递减律

8、肥料

二、填空题（每题1分，共20分）

1、土壤胶体吸附的阳离子分为两类：一类是

离子，另一类是

离子。

2、土壤有机质的含量决定于年

和年

的相对大小，当二者相等时，土壤有机质含量保持不变；当前者大于后者时，土壤有机质含量逐渐增加，反之将逐渐降低。

3、土壤中数量最多的一类微生物是。

4、土壤中养分离子向根表的迁移有

、、三种方式。

5、按照植物体内必需营养元素含量的多少，通常把植物体内必需营养元素分为

和

两类。

6、复混肥料的发展方向是、、、。

7、常见的施肥量的估算方法有

、。

8、土壤水是从土水势

流向，从土壤水吸力

处流向。

三、选择题：（每题1分，共14分）

1、以下哪种方式是我国目前绝大多数地区培养良好土壤结构的主要方法

。A、精耕细作，增施有机肥

B、施用石灰和石膏 C、合理轮作，扩种绿肥牧草

D、应用结构改良剂

2、同一种土壤，疏松状态比紧实状态时

。A、密度大

B、容重大

C、密度小

D、容重小

3、海南岛种植热带作物的砖红壤多呈

性反应。A、酸

B、中

C、碱

D、弱碱

4、从农业生产需要来看，旱地耕层土壤的总孔度为，通气孔度

为适宜。A、50%-56%，大于20% B、50%-56%，10%-20%

C、55%-60%，大于20%

D、55%-60%，10%-20%

5、土壤具有吸附保肥性的重要原因是。

A、土壤中存在大量的胶体物质

B、土壤具有酸碱反应 C、土壤具有氧化还原反应

D、土壤具有缓冲性能

6、下列肥料适宜用做种肥的是

。A 过磷酸钙和草木灰

B 氯化铵和氯化钾 C 尿素和碳酸氢铵

D 硫酸钾和氯化钾

7、科学合理的施肥要根据作物的营养特性选择肥料品种“忌氯作物”一般不选用含氯的肥料，下列作物中，属于忌氯作物的是

。A 椰子树

B 香蕉

甘蔗

D 芒果

8、在堆制堆肥的过程中，需要调节肥堆中的通气状况，调节时需要遵循的原则是

。A 前期通气后期嫌气

B 前期嫌气后期通气 C 前期后期都要通气

D 前期后期都要嫌气

9、当作物缺乏下列那种营养元素，会出现作物节间缩短，小叶簇生的现象，称为“小叶病”。

A Zn

B Fe

D Mo

10、肥料三要素指的是

A “氮、磷、钾”

B “钙、镁、硫” C “碳、氢、氧”

“铁、锰、硼

11、厩肥腐熟的特征是

A “棕、软、霉”

B “黑、烂、臭” C “灰、土、粉”

D “棕、软、臭”

12、大多数作物出现缺钾的典型症状是： A 叶片失绿黄化

B 茎叶出现紫红色条纹 C 叶缘变黄，进而变褐，严重时焦枯似灼烧状 D 果实腐烂

13、在粪尿肥储存过程中，为了保氮防臭，最好加入一些除臭保氮物质，下列可用做除臭保氮的是。

A 绿矾

B 石膏

C 石灰

D 草木灰

14、列有机肥料属于热性肥料的是：

A、鸡粪

B 猪粪

C 马粪

D 牛粪

四、判断题（对者打“Y”，错者打“N”每题1分，共10分）

1、腐熟的有机肥可以和草木灰混合施用（）

2、某种营养元素在植物体内的移动性与作物缺乏该元素症状的表现部位之间有一定的关系（）

3、在植物体内，由于大量元素的含量比微量元素的含量高得多，所以大量元素比微量元素更加重要（）

4、大多数作物磷的营养临界期在幼苗期（）

5、在“水旱轮作”中，磷肥的施用要遵循“旱重水轻”的原则（）

6、绿肥最佳的收获时期是在幼苗期（）

7、随着土壤有机质的不断增加，土壤质地就必然会改变。（）

8、土壤活性酸要比潜性酸大，实际上土壤的酸性主要决定于活性酸度，它是土壤酸性的容量指标。（）

9、C/N大的有机残体比C/N小的有机残体分解快。（）

10、一般认为，较粘的土壤，才有促进形成团粒结构的可能。（）

五、改错题（每题2分，共4分）

1、介质溶液的pH值影响作物对养分离子的吸收，溶液碱性，有利于阴离子的吸收，溶液酸性，有利于对阳离子的吸收。

2、在合理分配磷肥时，碱性土壤优先分配难溶性磷肥，酸性土壤优先分配水溶性磷肥。

六、问答题（36分）

1、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥都需要深施，深施的原因是否相同，试说明原因。（9分）

2、在农业生产上，为什么提倡有机、无机肥混合施用？（9分）

3、判断植物必需营养元素的标准是什么（6分）

4、简述土壤中钾素的形态及相互之间的转化（6分）

5、试述岩石、母质和土壤的区别和联系（6）

试卷参考答案

一、名词解释：

1、阳离子交换量：指在pH=7时，每千克干土所吸附的全部交换性阳离子的厘摩尔数，以cmol（+）/kg表示。

2、土壤：指发育于地球陆地表面能生长绿色植物的疏松多孔结构表层。

3、植物营养临界期：指在植物生长发育的过程中有一时期营养元素过多或过少或营养元素间不平衡对于植物生长发育起着显著不良影响的时期。

4、氮肥利用率：指当季作物吸收肥料氮的数量占施氮肥总量的百分数。（也可用公式表示）

5、磷酸退化现象：指过磷酸钙在贮存的过程中，吸湿后，使水溶解性的速效磷H3PO4、H2PO4-或HPO42-与其中的杂质如FeSO4或AlSO4发生反应

生成FePO4或AlPO4沉淀，从而使磷肥中有效磷含量降低的现象。

6、厩肥：是用家畜粪尿和各种垫圈材料混合积制而成的肥料。

7、报酬递减律：既单位肥料所获得的产量随着施肥量的递增而递减的规律。

8、肥料：能够直接供给植物生长发育所必需的养分，改善土壤性状以提高植物产量和品质的物质。

二、填空题：

1、盐基离子，致酸离子

2、生成量，矿化量

3、细菌

4、截获、扩散和质流

5、大量营养元素和微量营养元素

6、高浓度、复合化、液体化、缓效化。

7、目标产量法（或定性的丰缺指标法）、肥料效应函数法

8、高（大）、低（小），低（小）高（大）

三、选择题：

1-5 A D A B A 6-10 A C A A A 11-14

B C A C

四、判断题

1-5 N Y N Y Y 6-10 N N N NY

五、改错题

1、碱改成酸，酸改成碱或者改成溶液碱性有利于阳离子的吸收，溶液酸性有利于阴离子的吸收

2、碱性土壤优先分配水溶性磷肥，酸性土壤优先分配难溶性磷肥

六、问答题

1、三者深施的原因不完全相同，氮肥深施的原因：(1)深施可以减少氨的挥发损失，减轻铵态氮肥的硝化和反硝化损失（1.5分）（2）增加与根系接触的机会，减少氮肥的固定（1.5分）

磷肥深施的原因：（1）增加磷肥与根系接触的机会（1.5）（2）减少土壤对磷肥的固定（1.5）钾肥深施的原因：（1）深层土壤水分含量稳定，干湿交替不严重，从而可减少钾肥的矿物固定（1.5分）（2）深施可以缩短钾肥向根系移动的距离，从而增加了钾肥与根系接触的机会。（1.5分）

2、农业生产上提倡有机肥和无机肥混合使用的原因如下：（1）与无机肥相比，有机肥养分全面，含有作物必需的营养元素及一些非必需的营养元素，有利于植物的生长发育，但是养分含量低，不能满足植物需肥量大的时期对养分的需要。二者协同可以满足作物整个生育期对各种养分的需要。（3分）

（2）有机肥肥效缓慢而持久，因为有机肥中的养分多呈有机态，必需经过微生物转化才能被作物吸收利用，无机肥肥效快而猛但不持久，二者配合可以缓急相济。（1.5分）

（3）有机肥有培肥改土的作用，二长期使用无机肥会使土壤理化形状变差，二者配合，可以达到用地养地的目的，维持地力常青。（1.5分）

（4）有机肥中含有大量微生物及其分泌物如：酶、生长素、氨基酸等生长活性物质，可提高土壤生物活性，降低养分的无效或缓效性，提高土壤中养分的有效性，从而提高肥料的利用率。（1.5分）

（5）有机肥是废弃物的再利用，成本低，节约能源，对降低农业投入和环境保护有重要的意义（1.5分）

3、断植物必需营养元素的标准有三条：（1）该元素对所有植物的生长发育是不可缺少的，缺乏该元素后植物就不能完成生活史。（2分）（2）缺乏该元素后，植物表现出特有的症状，只有补充该元素后，这种症状才能消失（2分）（3）该元素必须直接参与植物的新陈代谢或物质组成对植物起直接作用，而不是改善植物生长环境的间接作用。（2分）

4、土壤中钾的形态有；矿物态钾、缓效钾、速效钾（包括交换性钾和土壤溶液中钾）（3分）转化：（3分）

快

慢

土壤溶液中钾

交换性钾

缓效性钾

矿物钾解吸

释放

风化

5、岩石：指由一种或多种矿物组成的天然集合体（1分）

母质：指裸露的岩石经风化作用而形成疏松、粗细不同的矿物颗粒的地表堆积体，是形成土壤的母体（1分）