托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路

托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路（共2篇）

托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路 篇1

官方指南OG对作文题目展开的要求介绍

首先我们来看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的：

ave I done my best to support and develop my ideas?

(有没有支持立场的分论点?)

o I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully?

(每段是否有很充分的细节支持分论点?)

o I use words and phrases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay?

(句与句之间是否有用逻辑连接词/短语?)

不是硬塞逻辑词就能强行展开

每个段落要做到很好的展开，就要注意句与句之间的逻辑性。OG中介绍了很多种展开的方法，包括讲故事、举例子、说道理等等，同时补充了大量的逻辑连接词。同学们习惯于把逻辑连接词/短语事先准备好，平时练习或者考试时都先打出来再往里面僵硬地填充内容，以为可以骗过e-rater和考官。但在这些逻辑词下，我们往往会看到同学写出这样的内容：因为独生子女，所以自私;因为科技和经济发展，所以压力大。

其实第二句和第一句之间并没有直接的因果关系，第二句并不是对第一句的进一步论述，所以即便有暗示逻辑关系的连接词/短语，内容上并非如此。也就是不符合评分标准中的渐进性(progression)。

实例讲解如何展开论述逻辑链

在上面第一个“因为独生子女，所以自私”的例子中，我们可以这样推理：独生子女(only-child)→得到更多家人的关注(limelight)→缺少付出的意识(less give, more take)→自私(egoism);此外，独生子女→缺少和兄弟姐妹的相处(interact with siblings)→缺少分享的意识(share)→自私。这样的两条简单逻辑链就可以推出“自私”的结果。

第二个“因为科技和经济发展，所以压力大”的例子展开方式也有很多，大家即可以说科技和经济发展→人口增加竞争激烈→压力大，也可以说科技和经济发展→工作方式更加复杂→要掌握的工作技能更多→压力大。同样是两条逻辑链让推导变得更加合理自洽。

所以针对这一问题，小编建议同学们结合托福考前预测机经中的主题句，在草稿纸上用中文关键词罗列因果链，训练演绎推理的方法，反复追问因果关系(causality)是否成立。

托福写作解析:经典高分句型

托福写作高分句型1、表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this.

2)The reasons for this are as follows.

3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

点击获取托福写作TPO真题系列资料【题目+思路+模板+范文】 5)The reason for this is that...

例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

托福写作高分句型2、表示好处

1)It has the following advantages.

2)It does us a lot of good.

3)It benefits us quite a lot.

4)It is beneficial to us.

5)It is of great benefit to us.

例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

托福写作高分句型3、表示坏处

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

2)It does us much harm.

3)It is harmfulto us.

例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also

托福写作高分句型4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

托福写作高分句型5、表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.

托福写作模板:公共交通

托福写作模板及范文参考：

Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways，or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses，trains，subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

托福写作范文参考：

Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways or on improving public transportations? There seems to be a difficult problem since many reasons should be involved. However， after carefully pondering it， I buttress the last one， spending the money on improving public transportation. The reasons are presented below：

There is no denying that improving the public transportation will surely alleviate the pollution given off by enormous cars. If a city has not a developed public transportation， the air will be polluted more heavily. What a dirty environment we will live in! Every day breathing into the air filled with the flour of the gasoline， seeing the sky with the dull color will be the title of our life.

So the essence of environment has been realized by an increasingly number of people， to the governments， the protection of environment is especially an undeniable mission. Another reason I agree with it is that developed public transportation will decrease the frequency of the traffic jams. Perhaps no worse word than “traffic jams” exists， to the businessmen who believe in “Time is money”. Traffic jams not only cost the people time and expense， but also create a bad mood for work. It greatly decreases the efficiency of the whole city. I imagine how can a city whose avenue full of traffic jams develop its economics?

Finally， I want to say that improving the public transportation provide a great number of ways of transportation for most of the poor people who can not afford to buy a car. It is known that our citizens is not made of only people who has the ability to own a car， but the very poor people are also included. I believe that however the technology is improved， the public apparatus should not be ignored， because it serves the people all over the city.

托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路 篇2

论证方法实例分析1

例如：

1. Firstly,the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.(中心句)2.In the times without the Internet,the main way to be well-educated was attending schools.3.But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.4.Thanks to the Internet technology,the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.5.For example,Khan Academy,an innovative online educational company,offers high-quality and free-of-charge cramming courses involving mathematics,physics and other high school subjects.6.Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.

整个段落一共6句话，第一句话是中心句，第二句到第四句是对比论证(没有网络的时候VS有了网络的时候)，第五句和第六句是两个例子。

论证方法实例分析2

再如：

1.In the first place,job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.2.Due to the fierce competition and social pressure,whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work,which also determines how many profits the company will get.3.My brother can be cited as a good example.4.At first,he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.5.He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissatisfaction.6.As a result,he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation,better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.7.Now,my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.

整个段落一共7句话，第一句仍然是中心句，第二句用的是因果论证，第三句开始举了具体的个人例子。

因此，当中心句写完之后，到底写点什么来支撑一个段落的字数，考生可以从论证方法这个概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果论证，带一下原因，再将结果层层递进写几句话，结束之后字数肯定不够，那就想一下还有一种论证方法叫举例论证，能不能编一个例子出来。同理，Body 2还是先写中心句，接下来写一句因果，写一句对比(正反假设)，最后再来一组例子。简而言之，我们在思考的时候从论证方法出发，但是呈献给考官看的还是内容。论证方法只是便于我们快速想到写的内容的方向，总比绞尽脑汁直接想内容要简单得多。

如何让段落逻辑清晰?

在了解了怎样以最快速度想出理由段写点什么内容之后，还需要注意的一个问题是，有些人能“条理清晰地扯”，有些人“扯出了一团浆糊”。那么怎样才能让考官看着觉得这个段落逻辑清晰呢?笔者在看了很多官方范文及学生的高分文章后，发现了一个规律，好的文章段落有一个共同的逻辑层次，即由抽象到具体，上文两个段落的层次安排也是按照这样来进行的，中心句结束后进行解释，最后搬上例子。这样看来，文章理由段的写法也非常简单，按照上面的安排操作即可，根据论证方法配以具体的内容，一个段落就能轻松完成了。在此要强调的是，新托福作文中，主体段的例子是非常重要的，考生应该做到每一个段落都要有例子支持，当然并不一定是具体某个人的例子，可以是引用的研究结果，也可以使用排比的句式写出一组列举的例子。

如果你还在为托福独立写作中间段不知道如何写而困惑，小编相信看过上文内容后，你心中的疑惑应该就能够得到比较好的解答了。

托福考试作文范例：是否所有学科的大学生都应该学习历史?

托福考试作文题目：

University students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study.

学习任何学科的大学生都应该被要求学习历史课，是否认同?

(9月29日 = 6月13日)

思路拓展：

历史学习的利好：

1. 阅读本身就是快乐的，学习本身就是一种成长。阅读经典史书，无论是典故，传记，还是语录，都是一种开拓视野，丰富知识，增加文化底蕴的过程。

2. 很多精英，无论是文体明星，还是商业巨子，他们的成功的重要因素之一就是大学期间博览群书，钻研历史。学习历史不仅增强了他们的文化底蕴，更加教会他们以史为鉴，理性思考。换言之，他们不断借鉴史书，积累成功的方法，学习失败的经验。当他们走出校园，搏击商海，拓展事业的时候，从历史学习中汲取精神力量帮助他们避免犯类似的错误，危机中做出明智选择。

为何不学习历史：

我承认，有人也许对于我的立场持怀疑态度。

有人认为，大学所有专业的学生都被要求学习历史也许不可取，因为不是人人都对历史感兴趣，历史学习不一定对于每个专业的学生都有实际的利好。例如，对于植物学专业的学生而言，学习历史可能耽误时间，分散精力，因此，积累历史知识对于未来的就业可能影响不大。

但是，我想反驳的是：对于历史学习的兴趣是可以培养的，通过学习历史获得的精神乐趣，培养的辩证思维对于每个人的未来都是有利好的影响。

【基础语料库】

1. instill confidence into oneself

v灌输自信

解析：instill v灌输……

2. foster one’s rational thinking and critical thought

v培养理性思维和批判思维

3. get a clear perspective of oneself

v了解自己

4. make sound judgment on

v对于……做出理性的判断

解析：sound adj理性的;健康的

5. enhance one’s literacy

v增强一个人的读写能力

6. avoid making similar mistakes

v避免犯相似的错误

7. enlarge one’s scope of knowledge

v增加知识面

8. broaden one’s mental horizons

v拓宽视野

拓展： expand one’s mind v开拓视野(口语推荐)

9. exert a positive impact on the future

v对于未来有积极影响

10. learn the relevant experiences from the historical events

v从历史事件中学习相关经验

11. learn the methods of addressing the problems

v学习解决问题的方法

12. if one’s major is totally irrelevant to history

如果一个人的专业和历史完全无关

解析：such as botany or zoology 例如动物学和动物性

13. to learn history will distract one’s energy and waster one’s time

v学习历史会分散精力，浪费时间

14. take history as a mirror

v以史为鉴

15. foster one’s analytical, creative and rational thinking

v培养人的分析性思维，创造性思维和理性思维

点评：可以支持历史，文学，哲学等课程。

16. mature one’s thought

v成熟思想

17. reflect on oneself

v自我反思

18. deepen one’s insight into life

v 加深对于生活的洞察

解析：insight into = understanding about v对于……的洞察

19. brings about a great many benefits to one’s spiritual growth

v给人的精神成长带来很多利好

20. have nothing to do with our current life

v和我们当前的生活联系不大

解析：is irrelevant to v和……的关系不大

点评：让步段使用

【原创语料库】

1. People have been debating for many years whether or not the college students as a whole should be required to study history without reaching any consensus

人们在争议是否大学生应该被鼓励学习历史，没有达成共识。

2. All university students, regardless of their majors，are supposed to spend some time learning history-related courses.

每个大学生，无论学习何种专业，都应该花点时间学习和历史相关的课程。

3. College students of all fields ought to know some common sense about the past.

学习任何学科的大学生都应该对于过去有些基本常识。

4. The pleasure of acquiring history knowledge lies in the process of reading itself.

学习历史知识的乐趣在于阅读本身。

5. To travel in the ocean of history-related books， no matter what one reads such as stories, biographies or analects，is a good way to expand one’s mental horizons，enlarge one’s scope of knowledge and strengthen one’s cultural deposits.

阅读经典历书，无论是典故，传记，还是语录，都是一种开拓视野，丰富知识，增加文化底蕴的过程。

6. Examples from many fields could be quoted to justify my stand. A lot of social elites ranging from top stars to eminent entrepreneurs all take a keen interest in studying history-related courses and reading extensively, which conduces to their later achievements in personal career.

很多精英，无论是文体明星，还是商业巨子，他们的成功的重要因素之一就是大学期间，钻研历史, 博览群书。

7. The acquisition of history knowledge not only strengthens their cultural deposits, but also fosters their rational mode of thinking, for they have learnt to take history as a mirror.

学习历史不仅增强了他们的文化底蕴，更加教会他们以史为鉴，理性思考。

8. In other words, they constantly benefit form the past histories by means of learning successful figures and mirroring the experiences of failure.

换言之，他们不断借鉴史中,积累成功的方法，学习失败的经验。

解析：mirror = reflect v反思

9. After finishing university life, they dived into bossiness world or expanded personal career， what they spiritually gained from history learning helps them avoid committing blunders and make sound judgment.

当他们走出校园，搏击商海，拓展事业的时候，从历史学习中汲取精神力量帮助他们避免犯类似的错误，危机中做出明智选择。

10. Admittedly, some people might take skeptical attitude towards my standpoint.

我承认，有人也许对于我的立场持怀疑态度。

11. Someone might argue that it is not feasible to inspire students of all fields to study history because not every individual can be attracted by the idea of knowing the past and the energy spent in history might fail to benefit their future directly.

有人认为，大学所有专业的学生都被要求学习历史也许不可取，因为不是人人都对历史感兴趣，历史学习不一定对于每个专业的学生都有实际的利好.

12. Confronted with the tremendous pressure of academic study , only few students will allocate energies and time to history learning

学习压力大，学生们不愿意学习历史.

解析：allocate to v分配……

解析：allocate time to doing sth = is unwilling to do sth = is reluctant to do sth v不愿意做……

13. One’s interest in history can be cultivated

对于历史学习的兴趣是可以培养的.

14. The mental pleasure and dialectical thinking deriving from history learning could impose a proud influence on one’s future.