服装设计专业外文翻译

2024-07-28

服装设计专业外文翻译(精选4篇)

服装设计专业外文翻译 篇1

新闻与传播学院新闻07-1班武刚

我们是传播的动物;传播渗透到我们所做的一切事情中。它是形成人类关系的材料。它是流经人类全部历史的水流,不断延伸我们的感觉和我们的信思渠道。由于我们已实现从月球进行宽波段通讯联络,我们目前正在寻求同其它世界的其它生物进行交谈。传播是各种各样技能中最富有人性的。

但是,让我们更清醒地推敲一下这个说法。传播究竟能为我们做些什么,我们又利用传播做了什么?

这个问题乍听起来,好象问别人“为什么要吃饭?”或“为什么要睡觉?”一样愚蠢。我们吃饭是因为我们饥饿。我们睡觉是因为我们困倦。我们喊叫“救火!”是因为房子正在燃烧。我们说“对不起!”是因为我们碰撞了别人.

对我们说来,传播是一种自然而然的、必需的、无所不在的活动。我们建立传播关系是因为我们要同环境、特别是我们周围的人类环境相联系。正如上文引用的萨皮尔所写的那段话一样,社会是一个主要由传播所维持的这类关系组成的网。对一名观察者说来,传播就象血液流经人的心血管系统一样流过社会系统,为整个有机体服务,根据需要有时集中在这一部分,有时集中在另一部分,保持接触和平衡以及健康,我们已经习惯于生活在传播的汪洋大海中,以致于很难设想要是没有传播.我们将怎样生活。

不妨设想一个没有传播的社会是一个什么样的国际社会?近几年里,美国和中国之间的官方保持着毫无表情的沉默,但是却通过许多渠道进行了交流:经由大众媒介发表各种声明、采取显然是要转达讯息的政治行动、通过第三国彼此收集对方的情报。甚至有必要在中立国家安排大使级的“非官方”会议。双方交换了各种各样特殊的使节,如乒乓球运动员,通过他们,一个国家的高级官员能够异常坦率地向另一个国家的人民发表讲话。

在没有传播的情况下,群体社会又是什么样的社会呢?西多会有一个“沉默的”苦修会教派的寺院禁止交谈,但不禁止传播。僧侣们只有靠无数的行动传播:一瞥或一笑,行政管理行动,按日程办事,遵守成员们通过虔诚的行动互相交流的某种承诺和信仰上的团结一致。假定有一个隐士从人间世界退隐到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他试图避免与他人交流,除非是有人来向他求教。但是,沉思冥想这个行为本身就意味着内心的传播。这个隐士是在挖掘自己过去储存的信息,加上从他的脱离人的环境所得到的信息,不断思考,自己同自已讨论。他是在同自己的每日祈祷书和自己的书籍进行交流,而旦在某种意义上说,是在同所有那些对他起过影响的思想进行交流。他的退隐到山洞是向全体人类传播一个讯息。而且他可能象圣方济一样同鸟类交谈。

因此,即使是在极其罕见的情况下,传播也照样在进行着。平时我们的大多数人对此是无意识的,除非有时自我意识到它。一名专业人员对于自己正在为一家杂志写的文章也许是很有自我意识和自我批评的。一个政治家对于自己正在背诵的演讲可能是有自我意识的。但是生活漫无目的的孩子们却是自然而然地发出和接受汛息,以他们整个有机体表现举止行动,不太考虑怎样做这种行动。他们知道喊一声“爸爸”和后来知道讲话时用‘请”字会受到父母的奖赏,但是即使这种表现也是自然形成的。他们喜欢看电视和回忆他们最喜欢的节目。他们到学校去,对自己必须写的作文题变得有点自我意识,或者就一个小伙子来说,对于第一次给一个姑娘打电话变得有点自我意识。但是,除非他们讲话有缺陷,或者是耳聋,或者其它某种痛苦的困难,他们都是以他们自然学会的方式进行传播,利用他们摸索学会的举止

来带来他们想取得的结果。

即使在儿童长大为成年人而且变得比较意识到传播的影响和以不同方式进行传播的后果时,他们也仍然觉得难以用言词描述为什么他们耍象他们所做的那样进行传播。几年前,纽约的报馆罢工,伯纳德?贝雷尔森利用这个机会对一批纽约人进行抽样调查,问他们在没有报纸的情况下感到失去了什么。他的目的当然是试图找出为什么他们读他们所读的东西。但是,这些人甚至很难说出他们失去了什么。他们可能列举出他们不再收到的一些服务性情报——如天气预报、电影上映时间表、晚间广播节目等——但是使他们烦恼的主要并不是因为失去这些情报。

许多人担心他们正在失去某些对自已有重要意义的具体情报:回答问题的好几位年纪大的人认为自己有些朋友可能死了而自己却一点也不知道。还有感到比较恼火的是隐隐约约觉得自己生活中好象缺少什么东西。有的人说,失去了“同世界的联系,失去了被接触的感觉”,或者简单地说少了“某件我每天都做的事”。这项调查的最重要发现也许是了解到读报行为已多么充分地纳入人们的日常生活中,这种传播行为已成了多么自然的事,以及最初采用传播的理由已多么深深地消失在过去的阴影中。

这就是为什么难以用言词说明“传播起什么作用”的一个原因,另一个原因是利用传播的各种理由往往是非常复杂而且不一定能从表面看出的。还有一个原因是明显(有意)的传播的功能,并不始终考虑潜伏(无意)的传播的功能。这是罗伯特.默顿说的话,实际上,他的意思是,传播的实际后果并不始终是有意的后果。例如,提醒别人可能患癌症的结果也许不是引导别人去体检,而是把他们吓得不敢去医院。见面时高兴地对人说一声“早上好”可能不是导致友谊。而是引起别人怀疑打招呼的人是想借钱。最后由于我们关于传播功能的分析大部分不得不从外部进行,我们发现自己总是试图看到黑匣子的里面。

但是,我们每人至少能看见一上黑匣子的里面,那就是我们自己的黑匣子。你进行传播的目的是什么?我为什么要传播?

今天早上我从家里走出来,看见一个穿运动衫的人,我朝他笑笑说“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面译成新几内亚的部族语言可能会有困难。我不是说这是一个“好的”——就是说不错的——一早晨吗?不,这是一个天气恶劣的早晨,下着滂沱大雨,水从山上冲下来,几乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我们说“吉样的星期五”一样从某种道义上的角度谈起这个早晨的好呢?不,这一天跟其它日子一样。我是不是祝愿他有一个“好”—一就是说愉快的——早晨呢?在某种程度上有这个意思,但是他看上去完全能够安排他自已的早晨,而事实上我感到相当恼火的是因为他能够在海边度过这个早晨,而我却必须去上班。那么我同他说话的意思究竟是什么呢?我能够作出的最合理的解释是,我是在履行我们自己的部族礼仪。我是在向他传播,我属于他的群体,属于他的文化,不是一个外人,不是一个反叛者,也不是一个威胁。换句话说,我是在证实一种惬意的关系。

他向我说“你今天早晨好吗?”我怀疑他很关心我的健康。他是在做我刚才在做的事情——传播社会成员资格和某种程度的友谊。他期望我会说“很好”,我也的确这么说了。事实上,他们似乎是在向我们周围投射社交雷达射束,好比船只在雾中航行或飞机依靠仪器飞行一样,证实我们的身份以及在雷达屏上出现的别人的身份,证实我们在一个友好的文化群体中的成员资格,做着我们早就知道要我们去做的事。那些把人类关系说成是“晚间经过的船只”的作家,并不是描述我们最密切最亲密的关系,而是描述我刚才谈起的那种接触。而它们占了我们生活中的接触的很大一部分。尽管如此,传播对我们说来们起到雷达的作用,是说明身份的信号,也是预警系统。或者至少在一名观察者看来是如此。

再举个例子:在烟雾缭绕和大家闲聊的鸡尾酒会上,一位年青人问一位漂亮姑娘,“抽烟吗?”表面上,他是在问她要不要抽支烟。实际上,他是在传播兴趣,而且毫无疑问希望

她以同样的方式作出反应。他以问她要不要抽烟的方式传播自己在一种文化中的成员资格,他大概希望她以取一支烟的方式,或者至少以微笑谢绝方式,来证实她的成员资格,而不会因为她不赞成抽烟或认为男青年不应未经介绍就同姑娘说话而打他一记耳光。换句话说,这个局面同我们刚谈起过的局面是一样的:雷达、证明身份、预警。如果这个姑娘作出良好的反应。他接着要问的问题很可能是,“我在什么地方见过你吗?”实际上,这个问题同他究竟见没见过她是毫无关系的,这是一种搭讪,以便再多了解她一点,也许是要估计一下这个偶然的相识是否可能成为持久的相识。换句话说,雷达行为与手段行为合并了。再举个例子,我通常在每天傍晚六点钟左右听到教堂的钟声。我倾听钟声是因为很难做到不予理会,还因为它们的声音悦耳,同日落的景色和傍晚的荫影很调和。钟声使我产生一种满足和温暖的感觉。此外,钟声对我起了报时作用。如果我还在工作的话,那么是开始考虑作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯鸡尾酒的时候了。黄昏渐渐开始,是回顾我曾经制订的计划或答应的约会的时候了。此外,钟声提醒我.宗教是我所属的文化的一个组成部分,此刻,我的一部分邻居正在祈祷。钟声还在我脑海中构成令人悦目的图象:教堂、烛光、风琴、无伴奏齐唱乐和态度谦虚的人。

圣玛丽教堂通过那些钟声试图传播什么呢?它正在号召信徒做礼拜。但是,参加那个特定仪式的大多数人,有的也许是听到钟声来的,有的也许没有听到钟声就来的。钟声的目的也是要传播某种人们可以得到的精神援助,假如有人需要这种钟声所象征的精神援助的话。钟声的目的也许是要让我这样的罪人听到,提醒我们注意我们的宗教义务,尽管我们很难得进圣玛丽教堂。圣

玛丽教堂的钟声也许还在传播,它自已是一种古老和光荣的传统的一员,这种钟声作为这个传统的标志已整整好几个世纪。

因此,传播行为的全部意义是难以从表面上看出来的。每一个传播行为,每一个传播者和接受者,都各自有一套目的和原因。但是,我们不能满足于那种解释。传播行为相似之处多于不同之处。人类传播起什么作用,理应得到更系统的解释。

服装设计专业外文翻译 篇2

NEWAPPLICATIONOFDATABASE

Relational databases have been in use for over two decades.A large portion of the applications of relational databases have been in the commercial world, supporting such tasks as transaction processing for banks and stock exchanges, sales and reservations for a variety of businesses, and inventory and payroll for almost of all companies.We study several new applications, which have become increasingly important in recent years.First.Decision-support system

As the online availability of data has grown, businesses have begun to exploit the available data to make better decisions about increase sales.We can extract much information for decision support by using simple SQL queries.Recently however, people have felt the need for better decision support based on data analysis and data mining, or knowledge discovery, using data from a variety of sources.Database applications can be broadly classified into transaction processing and decision support.Transaction-processing systems are widely used today, and companies have accumulated a vast amount of information generated by these systems.The term data mining refers loosely to finding relevant information, or “discovering knowledge,” from a large volume of data.Like knowledge discovery in artificial intelligence, data mining attempts to discover statistical rules and patterns automatically from data.However, data mining differs from machine learning in that it deals with large volumes of data, stored primarily on disk.Knowledge discovered from a database can be represented by a set of rules.We can discover rules from database using one of two models:

In the first model, the user is involved directly in the process of knowledge discovery.In the second model, the system is responsible for automatically discovering knowledge from the database, by detecting patterns and correlations in the data.Work on automatic discovery of rules has been influenced strongly by work in the artificial-intelligence community on machine learning.The main differences lie in the volume of data handled in databases, and in the need to access disk.Specialized data-mining algorithms have been developed to handle large volumes of disk-resident data efficiently.The manner in which rules are discovered depends on the class of data-mining application.We illustrate rule discovery using two application classes: classification and associations.Second.Spatial and Geographic Databases

Spatial databases store information related to spatial locations, and provide support for efficient querying and indexing based on spatial locations.Two types of spatial databases are particularly important:

Design databases, or computer-aided-design(CAD)databases, are spatial databases used to store design information about how objects---such as buildings, cars or aircraft---are constructed.Other important examples of computer-aided-design databases are integrated-circuit and electronic-device layouts.Geographic databases are spatial databases used to store geographic information, such as maps.Geographic databases are often called geographic information systems.Geographic data are spatial in nature, but differ from design data in certain ways.Maps and satellite images are typical examples of geographic data.Maps may provide not only location information-such

as boundaries, rivers and roads---but also much more detailed information associated with locations, such as elevation, soil type, land usage, and annual rainfall.Geographic data can be categorized into two types: raster data(such data consist a bit maps or pixel maps, in two or more dimensions.), vector data(vector data are constructed from basic geographic objects).Map data are often represented in vector format.Third.Multimedia Databases

Recently, there has been much interest in databases that store multimedia data, such as images, audio, and video.Today multimedia data typically are stored outside the database, in files systems.When the number of multimedia objects is relatively small, features provided by databases are usually not important.Database functionality becomes important when the number of multimedia objects stored is large.Issues such as transactional updates, querying facilities, and indexing then become important.Multimedia objects often have descriptive attributes, such as those indicating when they were created, who created them, and to what category they belong.One approach to building a database for such multimedia objects is to use database for storing the descriptive attributes, and for keeping track of the files in which the multimedia objects are stored.However, storing multimedia outside the database makes it harder to provide database functionality, such as indexing on the basis of actual multimedia data content.It can also lead to inconsistencies, such a file that is noted in the database, but whose contents are missing, or vice versa.It is therefore desirable to store the data themselves in the database.Forth.Mobility and Personal Databases

Large-scale commercial databases have traditionally been stored in central computing facilities.In the case of distributed database applications, there has usually been strong central database and network administration.Two technology trends have combined to create applications in which this assumption of central control and administration is not entirely correct:

1.The increasingly widespread use of personal computers, and, more important, of laptop or “notebook” computers.2.The development of a relatively low-cost wireless digital communication infrastructure, base on wireless local-area networks, cellular digital packet networks, and other technologies.Wireless computing creates a situation where machines no longer have fixed locations and network addresses.This complicates query processing, since it becomes difficult to determine the optimal location at which to materialize the result of a query.In some cases, the location of the user is a parameter of the query.A example is a traveler’s information system that provides data on hotels, roadside services, and the like to motorists.Queries about services that are ahead on the current route must be processed based on knowledge of the user’s location, direction of motion, and speed.Energy(battery power)is a scarce resource for mobile computers.This limitation influences many aspects of system design.Among the more interesting consequences of the need for energy efficiency is the use of scheduled data broadcasts to reduce the need for mobile system to transmit queries.Increasingly amounts of data may reside on machines administered by users, rather than by database administrators.Furthermore, these machines may, at times, be disconnected from the network.Summary

Decision-support systems are gaining importance, as companies realize the value of the on-line data collected by their on-line transaction-processing systems.Proposed extensions to SQL, such as the cube operation, help to support generation of summary data.Data mining seeks to discover

knowledge automatically, in the form of statistical rules and patterns from large databases.Data visualization systems help humans to discover such knowledge visually.Spatial databases are finding increasing use today to store computer-aided design data as well as geographic data.Design data are stored primarily as vector data;geographic data consist of a combination of vector and raster data.Multimedia databases are growing in importance.Issues such as similarity-based retrieval and delivery of data at guaranteed rates are topics of current research.Mobile computing systems have become common, leading to interest in database systems that can run on such systems.Query processing in such systems may involve lookups on server database.毕业设计(论文)——外文翻译(译文)

数据库的新应用

我们使用关系数据库已经有20多年了,关系数据库应用中有很大一部分都用于商业领域支持诸如银行和证券交易所的事务处理、各种业务的销售和预约,以及几乎所有公司都需要的财产目录和工资单管理。下面我们要研究几个新的应用,近年来它们变得越来越重要。

1、决策支持系统

由于越来越多的数据可联机获得,企业已开始利用这些可获得的数据来对自己的行动做出更好的决策,比如进什么货,以及如何最好的吸引顾客以提高销售额。我们可以通过使用简单的SQL查询语句提供大量用于决策支持的信息。但是,人们最近感到需要使用多种数据源的数据,以便在数据分析和数据挖掘(或知识发现)的基础上,更好的来做决策支持。

数据库应用从广义上可分为事务处理和决策支持两类。事务处理系统现在正被广泛使用,并且公司已经积累了大量由这类系统产生的信息。

数据挖掘这个概念广义上讲是指从大量数据中发现有关信息,或“发现知识”。与人工智能中的知识发现类似,数据挖掘试图自动从数据中发现统计规则和模式。但是,数据挖掘和机器学习的不同在于它处理的是大量数据,它们主要存储在磁盘上。

从数据库中发现的知识可以用一个规则集表示。我们用如下两个模型之一从数据库中发现规则:

● 在第一个模型中,用户直接参与知识发现的过程

● 在第二个模型中,系统通过检测数据的模式和相互关系,自动从数据库中发现知识。有关自动发现规则的研究很大程度上是受人工智能领域在知识学习方面研究的影响。其主要的区别在于数据库中处理的数据量,以及是否需要访问磁盘。已经有一些具体的数据挖掘算法用于高效地处理放在磁盘上的大量数据。

规则发现的方式依赖于数据挖掘应用的类型。我们用两类应用阐述规则发现:分类和关联。

2、空间和地理数据库

空间数据库存储有关空间位置的信息,并且对高效查询和基于空间位置的索引提供支持。有两种空间数据库特别重要:

● 设计数据库或计算机辅助设计(CAD)数据库是用于存储设计信息的空间数据库,这些信息主要是关于物体(如建筑、汽车或是飞机)是如何构造的。另一个计算机辅助设计数据库的重要例子是整合电路和电子设备设计图。

● 地理数据库是用于存储地理信息(如地图)的空间数据库。地理数据库常称为地理信息系统。

地理数据本质上是空间的,但与设计数据相比在几个方面有所不同。地图和卫星图像是地理数据的典型例子。地图不仅可提供位置信息,如边界、河流和道路,而且还可以提供许多和位置相关的详细信息,如海拔、土壤类型、土地使用和年降雨量。地理数据可以分为两类:光栅数据(这种数据由二维或更高维的位图或像素图组成)、矢量数据(由基本几何对象构成)。地图数据常以矢量形式表示。

3、多媒体数据库

最近,有关多媒体数据(如图像、声音和视频)的数据库的研究很热门。现在多媒体数据通常存储在数据库以外的文件系统中。当多媒体对象的数目相对较少时,数据库提供的特点往往不那么重要。但是当存储的多媒体对象数目较多时,数据库的功能就变得重要起来。总之,事务更新、查询机制和索引也开始变的很重要。多媒体对象常常有描述属性,如指明它们是何时创建的、谁创建的,以及它们属于哪一类。构造这种多媒体对象的数据库的方法之一是用数据存储描述属性,并且跟踪存储这些媒体对象的文件。

但是,将多媒体数据存储在数据库之外,使得难于提供数据库的功能,譬如基于实际多媒体数据内容的索引。此外这种情况还会造成不一致,譬如一个文件在数据库中做了记录,但其内容却丢失了;或其相反情况。因此我们更希望将数据本身存储在数据库中。

4、移动性和个人数据库

大型商用数据库传统上是存储在中央计算设备上的。在分布式数据库应用中,通常有强大的中央数据库和网络管理。然而以下这两个技术趋势的结合产生了一些应用,这些应用使中央控制和管理不再完全正确:

● 个人计算机越来越广泛的使用,其中更重要的 是便携式或“笔记本”计算机的使用。● 基于无限局域网、蜂窝数字包网络,以及其他技术成本相对低廉的无线数字通信基础设

施的发展。

无线计算使得计算机不必有固定的位置和网络地址这使得查询处理更加复杂,因为它难于决定实体化查询结果的最佳位置。某些情况下,用户的位置是一个查询参数。例如,一个旅客信息系统提供关于酒店、路边服务的信息及类似信息给乘车的旅客。有关当前道路前放服务的查询必须根据用户的位置、移动的方向及速度进行处理。

能源(电池能源)对应动计算机来说是有限的资源,这一限制影响了系统设计的许多方面。能源效率需求最有趣的结果之一的使用计划的数据广播来减少传输查询中移动系统的需求。越来越多的数据会放在由用户管理、而不是由数据库管理员管理的计算机上,并且这些计算机有时可能与网络断开连接。

5、总结

随着企业认识到联机事务处理系统收集的联机数据的价值,决策支持系统也越发变得重要了。现已提出SQL扩展,如cube操作,能帮助系统生成汇总数据。数据挖掘致力于从大数据库中自动发现统计规律和模式等知识。数据可视化系统帮助人们从视觉上发现这些知识。

目前,空间数据库正越来越多的被应用于存储计算机辅助设计数据和地理数据。设计数据基本上是以矢量数据的形式存储,而地理数据则包含矢量数据和光栅数据。

多媒体数据库正变得越来越重要。基于相似性的查询以及按可以确保的速率传送数据是当前研究的重要课题。

建筑学本科毕业设计外文翻译 篇3

学 院: 专 业: 学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师:

城市建设学院 建筑学

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter:Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Tehran :the making of a metropolis,First Chapter:Development of the city of Tehran,Ali Madanipour,ISBN:0471957798,Press: New York John Wiley,1998,page five to page eleven。

第一章:德黑兰市的发展

阿里.马丹妮普尔

德黑兰:一个大都市的建造,第一章:德黑兰市的发展,阿里.马丹妮普尔,书号:0471957798,纽约John Wiley出版社,1998,第五页到第十一页。

德黑兰市的发展

全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性,以这样的程度,空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性,并为城市总体规划做准备。

第二次世界大战后,在盟军占领国家的期间,有一个时期的民主化,在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后,它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。这个时期已经结束于1953年,结果 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

是由政变产生了伊朗王,那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移,德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。到1956年,德黑兰的人口上升到150万,到了1966至300万,1976至450万,其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源,需要流通和经济的吸收。50年代中期,特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口,这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市:到新的产业,到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界,去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。德黑兰的角色是国家的行政,经济,文化中心,它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。德黑兰战后的城市扩张,是在管制、私营部门的推动,投机性的发展下进行的。房屋一直供不应求,并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本,因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展,土地和财产的价格不断上涨。这个城市成长为一个在某种意义上道路对外脱节的,城镇和乡村一体化的,郊区不断增长的新的定居点。这加强了社会的孤立性,破坏了郊区的花园和绿地,并使城市管理者的感到无能为力。1962年一位副市长在德黑兰表示:“建筑物和居民点已经满足人们所想要的无论何处何种样子”,创造了一个“事实上城镇相互连接的方式不当”的城市(Nafisi, 1964,第426页)。有许多事情迫切需要做,但市政府并没有法律上或经济上有能力处理这进程。

1966年市政法第一次规定了城规最高委员会的法律体制和土地利用规划公司的综合计划。还有他一系列法律,以支持德黑兰市的新的法律和体制安排,使住房和其他管理工作在城市中发展起来。最重要的一步是策划的德黑兰综合计划于1968年被批准。它是由一个伊朗规划师Fereydun Ghaffari领导下的美国的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同产生的(Ardalan,1986)。该计划确定的城市的问题是:城市密度过高特别是城市中心、主要道路沿线商业活动的膨胀、污染、不完善的基础设施,贫困地区广泛的失业和低收入群体不断地迁移到德黑兰。解决的办法是城市自然社会和经济结构的转型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不过该提案大多主张形态上的变化,试图强调一个现代化的理念,强加这个复杂的都市的秩序。设想这个城市的未来可向西形成一个线性多中心的形式,减少密度和市中心的挤塞情况。全市将形成10个地区,其他各区由绿化带隔开,每个地区约50万居民,并设置拥有高楼的商业及工业中心。各个地区(mantagheh)将分为若干区域(nahyeh)和社区(mahalleh)。每个区域人口约1.5到3万,有一所中学和商业中心以及其他必要设施。每个社区有大约5000居民,有一所小学和一个当地的商业中心。这些地区和区域将有相连的交通运输网络,包括高速公路,捷运路线及巴士路线。过境路线的站点会迅速发展为活动度高居住密度高的节点。重建及改善计划中将有60万人离开中心地区(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

几乎所有这些措施可以追溯到那个拥有时尚规划理念的时代,这主要是受英国新城镇的影响。在Victor Gruen的《我们城市的心脏》(1965)书中,曾设想未来的中心大 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

都市会由10个城市包围,每个国家都有它自己的中心。这很像Ebenezer Howard’s(1960年,第142页)提到的,那个四周被园林城市群包围着的中心城市:“社会的城市”。在德黑兰的规划中,这一概念的直译版被使用。另一个在英国新城镇被使用的概念,比如Redditch和 Runcorn,是把公共交通路线作为城市的骨架的重要性,其停车点是它的重点服务中心。使用邻里中心和小学来限制邻里单元人口,这被广泛应用于这些新市镇,这是一个曾在20世纪20年代在美国发展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。这些思想依然存在,但是,主要是在纸面上。该计划已执行,已在美国城市规划中有根深蒂固的想法,包括了用高速公路网的不断延伸去连接城市的脱节部分;在不同地区的社会管理和物理性质的基础上进行区划;引进容积率的控制发展的密度。

在20世纪70年代进行的其他主要规划工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部发展新城镇,以及Shahestan依照英国顾问Llewelyn–Davies提出的规划新的城市行政中心,虽然这被当做正在上升的革命浪潮后来从未实施过。

革命和后革命时期可分为三个阶段:革命(1979-1988年),重建(1989-1996年)和改革(1997-2004),每个都展示了德黑兰城市规划中不同的做法。

德黑兰和其他城市经过两年大量实证,1979年有代表性的是一个革命的到来推翻了伊朗君主,由议会共和制和神父统治的不稳定结合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在国王的发展模式导致了许多冲突,现代与传统,经济发展与政治发展,全球市场力量和地方资产阶级力量,外国势力和民族主义,腐败和自满中坚分子与不满的群众。像1906年的革命一样,许多隐藏意见的累积使1979的革命成为可能。在第一次革命,维新已占了上风,而在第二次,传统主义者赢得了领导。然而,无论革命的态度还是他们掌握政权之后的一系列重大问题,包括城市发展都显示出现代化的偏好。从这个意义上讲,该国的这两个爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在动荡中逐步转型所作的努力(Madanipour,1998,2003)。革命是在与伊拉克长期战争(1980-1988)之后,其间停止了经济的发展。在城市发展方面的投资减少,而农村地区和省城受到革命政府的青睐,同时遏制从农村向城市迁移并与大城市公平对待。在此期间主要规划干预是对白天城市中心的私家车活动的限制。同时,战争和新政府的免费或低费用的设施,吸引了更多的人承诺向首都城市移民,到1986年人口达600万。从20世纪50年代城市人口的增长速度已开始减慢,而直到80年代中期首都的增长都更快,但是它的增长率也开始下降(Khatam, 1993)。在革命和战争后,正常化和重建时期开始了,其中大部分持续到上世纪90年代。这期间见证了德黑兰城市规划的若干努力。但是没有一个有效的框架来管理剧烈的城市发展。综合计划在革命后遭到攻击,因为它被认为无法适应变化。1998年,市长批评它主要是形态上的发展规划、植根于前政权的政治框架、并没有足够重视实际操作问题(Dehaghani,1995)。

综合计划的25年寿命在1991年结束。一个伊朗顾问公司(A-Tech)受委托于1985年筹备1986-1996期间的规划。经过多次延迟,在1993年,该计划最终被城市规划高级理事会批准。该计划还注重增长的管理和线性空间战略,利用了城市区域,次区域,地 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

区,小区和邻里尺度。它促进保护、权力下放、多中心发展,有五个卫星新市镇,并发展住宅增加城市密度。该协会建议,城市在5个亚区中被划分成22个区,每个区都拥有自己的服务中心(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004)。

1993年的计划不受市政当局欢迎,不同意它的估价和优先次序,认为它不现实、昂贵、无法实施。1996-2001年期间市政当局自己做了一个战略规划,它被认为是德黑兰市政的第一个规划或是德黑兰80。它强调对一个城市提出战略和政策来实现他们的第一个规划,而不是以介绍土地利用规划为目标。它把城市的主要问题确定为能提供服务的资源短缺、城市发展模式和速度、环境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主义。然后市政府对城市的未来远景概述了六个主要特征:一个清洁的城市,建设便于运动的城市公园和绿化带,新的文化和体育设施,改革发展的城市组织,以及对城市空间的改善,包括土地利用和保护的全面和详细的计划的编制规划(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市实施了1968年的计划中提出的一部分建议,诸如增加南方的绿色开放空间,或是兴建高速公路网;开放城市的大部分地区使之得到新的发展以缓解全城的运作。继承1993年计划的意见,市政府放宽容积率限制,并允许热闹地带有更高的密度。然而,这并非基于规划的考虑,主要是为了使市政当局的财政独立。这在发展产业区广受欢迎,但受到公民的争议。开发者可以通过向市政府缴纳罚款建立更高的建筑物,而不必考虑对周围环境的影响,这个政策俗称“密度销售”。该城市的面貌,特别是在其北部地区,是在短期内改变的,其中包括中通过宽阔的街道和高速公路连接高楼大厦。在较贫穷的南部,一个大型的重建项目Navab穿过密集而破旧的建筑物建造高速公路,建立庞大的上层建筑的各个方面。这个城市的行政边界扩大了两次,一次向外,一次向西,涵盖了700平方公里的22个区市。

这个时期的重建争议随着民主的改革而产生,它重新启动了城市市议会的选举,这首先造成了市长和市政府关系的制度混乱。该会于2001年公布了自己的城市构想作为德黑兰宪章,这总结了大会上安理会成员、非政府组织和市政专家之间原则上同意的问题。该宪章主要采纳了可持续性和民主性原则,被用于开发自然和处理环境、交通、社会、文化、经济问题、城市管理战略、区域性城市,国家和国际角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km² in 1934 to 250 km² in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

服装设计专业外文翻译 篇4

一、外文翻译形式要求

1、要求本科生毕业论文(设计)外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上,一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。

2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。

3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文,译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。

二、打印格式

嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸,页面设置:上:

2.8;下:2.6;左:3.0;右:2.6;页眉:1.5;页脚:1.75。段落格式为:1.5倍行距,段前、段后均为0磅。页脚设置为:插入页码,居中。

具体格式见下页

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正式提交“嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分(红字部分)。

嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译

题目:系别: 服装与艺术设计系专业:班级:学号:学生姓名:

一、外文原文

见附件(文件名:12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文.文件扩展名)。

二、翻译文章

翻译文章题目(黑体小三号,1.5倍行距,居中)

作者(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,加粗,1.5倍行距,居中)工作单位(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,1.5倍行距,居中)

摘要:由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高,汽车检测标准越来越高。现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。(内容采用宋体五号,1.5倍行距)关键词:汽车产业纺织品,测试,控制,标准,材料的耐用性导言(一级标题,黑体五号,1.5倍行距,顶格)

缩进两个字符,文本主体内容采用宋体(五号),1.5倍行距

参考文献(一级标题,黑体五号,1.5倍行距,顶格)

略(参考文献不需翻译,可省略)

资料来源:AUTEX Research Journal, Vol.5, No3, September 2008

***** 译****校

(另起一页)

三、指导教师评语

***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。翻译内容是否正确,翻译水平如何。翻译资料是否紧扣毕业实验选题,与专业密切相关,翻译工作量是否饱满,译文格式是否符合嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文过程材料写作要求。

外文翻译的成绩采用四级记分,分为:优秀、良好、中等、及格,总体上要符合正态分布,其比例为:2:4:3:1,达不到及格的同学不能进入下一步的毕业论文(设计)阶段。

建议成绩:

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