长难句关键

2024-06-05

长难句关键(通用8篇)

长难句关键 篇1

长难句: Neither kind of sleep is at all well understand, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.

结构剖析: 本句的两个部分之间以 but 连接, 表示转折关系。难点之一 是两个部分都是被动语态,尤其是第二部分,可以转换成主动语态:but scientists assume that REM sleep serve some restorative function of the brain. 难点之二是 neither 作形容词,修饰 kind ,后面的谓语用单数。

长难句关键 篇2

一、掌握英语的基本句型

基本句型是句子的骨架, 扎实的句子结构知识是分析长难句的关键。例如:

The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.

在这个句子中, 不难找出其中的主干“the fact is nothing new”;中间又插入同位语从句;后面是nor引导的倒装结构。

二、复杂简单句的分析

对于复杂简单句, 应先找出句子的核心成分, 分清主语和谓语, 再理清句子的附属成分。例如:

And by looking at us, listening to us, respecting our input, affirming (肯定) our value, giving us a sense of dignity, Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher. (福建卷)

分析该句子后可发现, 其中的主干是“Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher”, 其余都是介词by后的附加成分。

三、复杂并列句、并列复合句的分析

例如:

The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. (新课标全国卷)

在这个句子中, 首先找出“so...that...”这个连接结构, 然后再分析有两个时间状语从句。这样才能综合理解这句子, 弄清各成分间的关系。

四、主从复合句的分析

例如:

Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. (新课标全国卷1 阅读B)

这个句子很长, 但主干结构非常清晰:核心成分是“my happiness deepened”, 其余的都是句子的枝叶——分词短语、同位语、时间状语从句、定语从句。这样一来, 便可以将长句化为短句, 将难句化为易句。

五、标点符号在长难句分析中的作用

标点符号表明前后两部分的逻辑关系。在分析时, 要将前后联系起来考虑。例如:

(1) An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. (湖南卷)

(2) They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.

(3) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.

第一句和第二句中冒号后面的内容都是对前文的解释和说明。第二句和第三句中的破折号有强调突出后文的作用, 提升了附加信息的重要性。

六、联系所学过的语法知识

包括定语从句、独立主格结构、动名词的复合结构、插入语结构、省略结构、倒装结构、同位语结构、连接词的用法等。例如:

What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and selfreliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.

这个句子包括了what引导的主语从句、which引导的定语从句, 以及作状语的with结构“with this as the primary object”。

三步破解长难句 篇3

在破解长难句之前,我们需要先搞清长难句缘何会长,又为何会难。而要弄清这两个问题,还要从简单句说起。

简单句与长难句

什么是简单句?就是只有主干,没有其他修饰成分的句子,如:

· Time flies! (主+谓)

· Time will cure all things. (主+谓+宾)

· My mother bought me a new pair of running shoes. (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

· Time will prove me right. (主+谓+宾+宾补)

· Time is money. (主+系+表)

以上五句话体现了英语中最基本的五大句子结构,每个句子都是完整的,没有修饰成分。长难句则多是一个简单句增加了若干修饰成分转化而来的。一起来看三个句子。

1. Of all the hotels in all the towns in the world, she walks into mine.

【分析】 在这个句子里,我们首先看到的是满眼的介词短语,然后才是句子的主干she walks into mine (她走进了我的客栈)。这里的介词短语全部都是修饰成分。为了读懂这个句子,我们可以把句中的修饰语以“介词+宾语”为单位打散:Of all the hotels (在所有的客栈中) + in all the towns (在所有的城镇中) + in the world (在全世界中)。整个句子的意思就是:在全世界所有城镇里的所有客栈中,她走进了我的客栈。

2. Don't you know, my dear friend, that it is your money not you that she loves?

【分析】在这个句子中,my dear friend是插入语,第一个that为连词,引导宾语从句,而从句本身又是一个强调句:Don't you know (, my dear friend,) (that it is your money not you that she loves)? 这样句子的主干就显现出来了。这句话的意思是:我亲爱的朋友,难道你不知道吗?她爱的是你的钱而不是你。

3. One special feature is the dragon dance, where a huge dragon head and body, supported by a team of dancers, weaves its way around the streets collecting money from houses on its route.

【分析】前半句是一个比较简单的句子:One special feature is the dragon dance. 后边where引导的从句部分就需要我们仔细分辨了。从句也是句子,因而也有自己的主谓结构,即主干。对where从句划分结构后,我们可以得到where a huge dragon head and body, (supported by a team of dancers,) weaves its way (around the streets) (collecting money from houses on its route)。其中非谓语结构supported by a team of dancers作后置定语,修饰a huge dragon head and body,collecting money from houses on its route作伴随状语,说明谓语weaves its way的方式。全句的意思是:一个特色就是舞龙,由一组舞者支撑着一个巨大的龙头和龙身,在一条条街道上迂回曲折行进,沿路挨家挨户收钱。

破解三步骤

通过上面的分析我们可以看到,长难句中常常会出现大量的介词短语、从句、插入语、非谓语动词(短语)等,它们可以分别修饰简单句中的句子成分,从而使一个简短的句子变成了一个复杂的长句。因此,我们破解长难句的主要方法就是,去掉这些修饰成分,化繁为简找出主干。下面我们就结合一个例子来看一下如何分三步破解长难句。

Under a system deployed on the White House web site for the first time last week, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the message sender supports the White House policy or differs with it.

第一步:剥离修饰成分

看到这个句子,同学们不要被它的长度吓倒,要冷静思考,以介词短语、从句、非谓语、插入语等为单位,把每个修饰成分一一划出来。

1. 介词短语:Under a system, for the first time

2. 从句:who want to send a message to President Bush, that starts by asking whether the message sender supports the White House policy or differs with it

3. 非谓语:deployed on the White House web site

第二步:找出句子主干

将以上三类修饰成分划出后,我们发现句子的主干就清晰很多了。

(Under a system) (deployed on the White House web site) (for the first time) last week, those (who want to send a message to President Bush) must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form (that starts by asking whether the message sender supports the White House policy or differs with it).

第三步:整合句意,重新代入

主干找出来了,其大意为:那些人现在必须浏览长达九页的网页并填写一份详细的表格。

如果要真正理解全句句意,我们还需要把剥离的成分重新代入主干:

什么样的人?想给布什总统发信息的人(who want to send a message to President Bush)。

什么样的表格?以“是否支持白宫政策”作为第一个问题的表格(that starts) (by asking) (whether the message sender supports the White House policy or differs with it)。

最后,加上主干前的状语,即时间(for the first time last week)和背景(Under a system) (deployed on the White House web site)。上周,白宫网站首次设置了一个网上系统。

最后,整个句子的意思就出来了:上周,白宫网站首次设置了一个网上系统,那些想给布什总统发信息的人们必须浏览长达九页的网页并填写一份详细的表格,表格中的第一个问题为是否支持白宫政策。

作者简介:

长难句关键 篇4

结构剖析:本句的主干是 The government is to ban payments, 介词结构 to witnesses 和 by newspapers...都作后置定语,修饰 payments; 现在分词结构 seeking to buy up people...作 newspapers 的后置定语,相当于 which seek to buy up people..., 其中过去分词结构 involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West 又作 people 的定语,相当于 who are involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West. 本句的难点在于后置修饰语偏长。

核心词汇: ban 禁止

involved in 卷入,涉及

witness 证人;v.见证

prominent 突出的,杰出的

trial 审判;试验

高考长难句 篇5

分析:本句为复合句。其中,one指代前面的accomplishment,后面为定语从句,修饰先行词one,且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。

2.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.句意:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使得管子的一端放在杯子里,管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。

分析:本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。

3.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.句意:如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营,我会狂笑不已。

分析:本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句,因表示对与过去事实相反的假设,所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。

4.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.句意:这次跟自然母亲的短暂亲近用去了我两天的假期,被严重晒伤的皮肤还需慢慢恢复,而且还花费了一笔钱为我儿子食物中毒看医生。

分析:句中cost后的直接宾语有三个,即A,B and C三个并列宾语。

5.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL.句意:我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。

分析:此句为倒装句,little为否定词,当否定词位于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装。

6.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.句意:我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。分析:此句中what 引导的是主语从句,作句子的主语。此外,I had experienced in the past为定语从句,修饰先行词anything。

7.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.句意:相反,如果有任何交谈,那会导致我们学到较少的东西。

分析:本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句,表示对过去的虚拟,所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been;主句使用“would have done”结构。

8.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.句意:通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语,Deafinitely 剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释,通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出,旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。

分析:在本句中,By translating...BSL为方式状语,and连接creates和aims两个动词作并列谓语。9.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(同位语从句、让步状语从句)

句意:拍电影和四年后出演The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都源自戏剧和直播电视的传统。

分析:本句的主干是 The friendship had its root in the fact.。其中,grew out of...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的although there was...live TV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。

10.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back 一 he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句)

句意:我们有着这样的信念——如果足够幸运获得成功,就应该有所回馈。他成立了

Newman’s Own食品公司和为病重的孩子成立了Hole in the Wall camps夏令营,而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。

分析:本句中,that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kid。

11.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇)Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.句意:Terrafugia 说机主需要通过测试并且完成20个小时的飞行时间才能驾驶 Transition,这一要求对于飞行员来说相对容易满足。

分析:本句中 a requirement 为同位语,是对前面的内容作补充说明,pilots would find relatively easy to meet是定语从句,省略了充当宾语的关系代词that/which,修饰先行词requirement。

12.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇)Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(宾语从句、非谓语动词、定语从句)句意:早在1983年,杰克•舒尔茨和伊恩•鲍德温两个科学家报道说被昆虫咬的年轻枫树释放会一种邻近的植物能够获得的特殊气味。

分析:本句中that引导宾语从句,作reported的宾语,从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smell。getting bitten by insects为现在分词作后置定语,修饰maple trees。13.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.句意为:如果有人敲门,并且不是什么重要的事情,那就礼貌地谢绝,让别人知道你很忙,这样他们就会得到暗示,当门关着的时候,你不想被打扰。

分析:本句为if引导条件状语从句。在主句中,you’re busy是know的宾语从句;so引导结果状语从句,在结果状语从句中包含一个that引导同位语从句,解释说明hint的内容。同时同位语从句又包含了一个when引导时间状语从句,因此句子的主句为you’re not to be disturbed.。

14.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B篇)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.(定语从句)句意:布拉德福德把建筑物和土地卖给了一家当地的开发商,这家开发商打算在电影院所在的土地上建一个购物中心。分析:本句中which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a local development firm;此外,定语从句中又包含一个where引导的定语从句。

15.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.句意:纽卡斯尔大学的智能运输团队已经把电动汽车转变成名叫“DriveLAB”的移动实验室,目的是了解老年人司机面临的挑战和发现关键的问题所在。

16.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.句意:对于很多老年人来说,特别是那些独自居住在乡间的老年人,驾驶对于保持他们(老年人)的独立性是非常重要的,这也给了他们出行而不用依赖他人的自由。

17.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.句意:研究表明,放弃驾驶是导致老年人健康状况下降的主要原因之一,导致他们变得更加隔绝和懒散。分析:that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中giving up driving为动名词短语作主语,leading to...作现在分词作状语。

18.(2017年全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.句意:Axani 在他的帖中说:他并不是寻求任何回报,使用这张多余机票的女士可以选择与他一起旅行,或者拿走机票自己旅行。

历届高考英语长难句 篇6

简析:反问句式,语气强烈。

40. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten wear his safety belt―a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. (NMET. D篇)

爸爸,急匆匆地在天黑之前赶回家,以便他能出去跑步,却忘记系安全带―这是75%

的美国人每天犯的一个错误。

简析:关键词for a run去跑步。

41.The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年)of president Nixon’s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-US relations. (NMET.B篇)

这次高峰会是为了纪念尼克松总统访华25周年,尼克松访华是中美关系的转折点。

简析:关键词mark 纪念。

42. Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. (NMET.A篇)

很多问题是大学水平,这些小学生能够解答出来。

简析:关键词be of college level 大学水平,figure out解决,解答。

43. Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside Which stands a 160- Cfoot Ctall Tree of Life.

穿过屋顶矗立着太阳之塔,在里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。

简析:含有两个倒装句。

44. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.

目前的问题是,很多人把其实只要付诸努力就能做到的事情看成是做不到的`。

简析:consider后的宾语后置。

45. Ill and suffering as she was after the inhuman punishment, she yet remained so cheerful and confident, eager to devote the little strength left to her to helping the other comrades.

她受过重罚,而且有病,可她却这样愉快,这样充满了信心,这样用尽她所剩的力量来帮助其他同志。

简析:含有让步状语从句及形容词短语作状语。

46. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset.

如果他们从电视中的束缚中解脱出来,不得不自己安排活动,他们可能会全家驱车去看日落。

简析:含有两个过去分词短语。

47. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached, And my father must have hurt, too, a little.

我绕到房子的前面,坐在台阶上,哭了一阵之后,我感到阵阵心痛,我的父亲心里肯定也有一点不好受。

简析:动作描写,情真意切。

48. It covered the whole distance from broken Chearted misery to bursting happiness―too fast.

突破长难句夺取高考制高点 篇7

一、长难句分析的基础-----五大基本句型

长难句之所以难, 主要是因为它们结构复杂:逻辑层次多;附加部分多, 如定语、状语、插入语、同位语、从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等;另外还有倒装、省略的穿插, 以及分割现象的存在[1]。

其实, 长难句无论多么复杂, 都可以在五大基本句型中找他它的原型。换句话说基本句型是句子的骨架, 是长难句分析的基础。要进行长难句分析一定要熟练掌握“五大基本句型”, 即主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+系词+表语;主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。请看下面的例子:

长难句:Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. (2011重庆C)

分析:此句主干为the king ordered…, 主语+谓语+宾语结构。Upon learning…bath为介词短语做状语, that a nobleman…a bath为宾语从句, to avoid…disease做目的状语, that the nobleman…out为宾语从句。

二、长难句分析的基本策略

第一、正确识别谓语动词与非谓语动词。

据调查, 非谓语动词是句子成分分析最大的障碍。由于无法分辨谓语动词与非谓语动词, 同学们经常犯一些啼笑皆非的错误。谓语动词是对于句子而言的, 是一个句子的灵魂, 它有着自己的各种表现形式, 这主要体现在时态与语态方面。而非谓语动词主要是对于结构而言的, 主要充当定语、状语和补语等成分。

这就需要同学们熟悉二者的区别, 尤其要注意区分“现在分词与进行时”、“过去分词与过去时、完成时、被动语态的区别”。单个的现在分词与过去分词都是非谓语形式, 而进行时、被动语态、完成时、过去时都是谓语动词表现形式。进行时基本结构为“be+现在分词”;被动语态为“be+过去分词”;完成时为“have+过去分词”;过去时与过去分词有时候相似, 是个难点, 可以根据逻辑上的主动和被动进行区分。a city visited by him与He visited a city.这里都有visited, 不过很显然前一个为过去分词, 后一个为过去时。

长难句:"But we can't do anything about it.Grandpa, "I said, surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same"boat"as I was. (2005重庆A)

分析:此句中surprised为非谓语动词, 谓语动词为said;主干为"But we can't do anything about it.Grandpa, "I said;that here…someone and someone为宾语从句;with whom…feelings及who was in the same boat均为定语从句;as I was为方式状语从句。

第二、以基本句型为依据, 以谓语动词为突破口, 抓主、谓、宾、宾补等主要句子成分。

长难句:They raise their eyebrows, surprised by“no.thank you, ”or by my choice to have a salad. (2011四川A)

分析:此句中动词有raise和surprised, thank以及have, 很显然raise为一般现在时形式, 为谓语动词;而surprised以及to have为非谓语动词;“no.thank you, ”为直接引语, 做by的宾语;因此主干为They raise eyebrows。

第三、对于定语、状语、同位语、插入语等, 可以先搁置, 后处理。

(1) 定语:

长难句:Many of them were museum directors and private collectors eager to bid. (2007重庆A)

分析:此句中eager to bid做后置定语, 修饰directors and collectors;museum、private作定语, 分别修饰directors和collectors;主干是Many were directors and collectors。

(2) 状语:

长难句:After watching a crazy woman rushing in and out, shouting at everything in sight, I noticed that something in my mood had changed. (2009重庆A)

分析:此句中After watching..sight做时间状语;主干为I noticed…;rushing, shouting…in sight做宾语补足语;that something…changed为宾语从句;in my mood做定语修饰something。

(3) 插入语----熟悉常见插入语是关键。

长难句:Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. (2011重C)

分析:此句中in…people为插入语;主干为Getting rid of dirt is a good thing。

(4) 同位语----熟悉常见同位语标志及关注破折号为关键。

长难句:More than a building that houses books and data, the library has always become a window to a larger world----a place where we are always come to discover big ideas and profound concepts that help move the American story forward[2]。

分析;此句中破折号后面a p l a c e为同位语, 解释a larger world;主干为the library has become a window;that, where和that均引导定语从句修饰a building、a place、ideas and concepts;More than…books and data做状语;to a larger world为定语修饰window;a larger、big、profound、the American等做定语。

第四, 根据句子结构, 判断其到底是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句。

不同结构类型的句子有不同的特点, 根据他们的特点进行切入分析是王道。

(1) 简单句类型的长难句----找谓语, 定主语。

要分析添加了许多附加成分的简单句类型长难句, 关键是定位谓语动词, 进而确定主语。

长难句:Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines, the tooth paste marketer, for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used。

分析:此句中有chosen、must select、used三个动词, 很明显只有must select为谓语动词;Having chosen, to be used为非谓语动词;for instance为插入语;exact television做定语;主语为the marketer;句子主干为the marketer must select programs and stations as well as magazines。

(2) 并列句类型的长难句-----分化成简单句处理。

根据并列句的特点, 可以将其分化成一个一个的简单句来处理。因此, 熟悉常见的并列连词为关键。

并列关系:常见的连接词有either…or…, neither…nor…, or, as well as, and等。

长难句:Mars has all the materials for a colony to produce or make everything it needs, and Mars is far more pleasant than the other planets in the outer space. (2008重庆B)

分析:此句为and连接的并列句。前句主干为Mars has all the materials;后句主干为Mars is pleasant;for a colony…needs作定语;it needs为省略了that的定语从句;than…space为比较状语。

转折关系:常见的连接词有yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。

长难句:A person can change his way of clothing, way of eating and living but the values in a person always remain unchanged because they are rooted within our hearts, mind, body and soul which we receive from our culture.

分析:此句为but连接的并列句;前句主干为A person can change…;后句主干为the values remain unchanged;because引导原因状语从句;which引导定语从句。

因果关系:常见的连接词有therefore, so, as a result, for等。

长难句:He gets up too early to avoid being late for the interview so he feels sleepy all day long.

分析:此句为so连接的并列句, He gets up too early和he feels sleepy。too做程度状语;to avoid…the interview为目的状语;all day long为时间状语。

(3) 主从复合句类型的长难句------关注引导词, 去从句, 抓主句, 理脉络。

主从复合句类型的长难句是最常见, 也是最难得的长难句。因其结构层次多、附加成分多而成为学生阅读中主要的拦路虎。对于此类长难句可以先将从句置一边, 找到主句, 再层层剥离, 层层分析。这就要求同学们对常见的从句类型及引导词非常熟悉, 能够快速辨认。

名词性从句:

长难句:They say that despite the moral and legal objections (反对) , whatever is scientifically possible will be done-somewhere, sometime. (2009重庆E)

分析:此句中有that和whatever两个引导词;whatever引导的主语从句在that引导的宾语从句中做主语;主干为They say…;介词短语despite…objections做让步状语。

定语从句:

长难句:And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, a false idea created by companies and advertisers hoping to sell their products. (2008重庆E)

分析:此句中who引导定语从句, 修饰those;主干为the whole system is an illusion;for those做状语;to make choices为目的状语;a false idea为同位语, 解释an illusion;created by…advertisers作定语修饰ideas;hoping…products做定语, 修饰companies and advertisers。

状语从句:

长难句:Whatever sport you take up, you can make it greener by using environment-friendly equipment and buying products made from recycled materials. (2009重庆C)

分析:此句中whatever引导让步状语从句;主干为you can make it greener;by后面为and连接的两个动名词做宾语;made…materials做定语修饰products。

第五、对于倒装、省略、分割等现象, 还原是基本要领。

(1) 倒装:

长难句:Only through the untied efforts of people with hope can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future. (2009重庆E)

分析:此句为“only+状语”置于句首时的倒装现象;还原后的正常语序为we can be safe and science can serve mankind only through…。

(2) 省略:

长难句:Actually, a standard, once set, resists change. (2010重庆C)

分析:此句中从句“once set”为“省略主语和be动词”现象, 还原后应该为“once it is set”;此句主干为:a standard resists change。

参考文献

[1]阅读理解中“长难句”的常见形式和应对策略王小媚http://www.qikan.com.cn/Article/khgs/khgs201008/khgs20100869.html

夯实英语句法基础决胜高考长难句 篇8

所有英语句型都是围绕动词展开的,其构成五种基本句型,因此,假如考生不知道常见不及物动词及五种基本句型,将直接影响他们对三大从句、非谓语动词及长难句的理解。

一、常见不及物动词(词组)及其用法

apologize, appear, arrive, break out, come, compete, depend, rely, die, exist, experiment, fall, float, flow, function, give in, glance, glare, go, happen, head (go), hesitate, listen, live, look, lie, participate, rain, run, rise, stay, sit, stand, lie, take place, tremble, wait, walk, work。其中,go, live, stand等也有及物动词的用法,但更多的时候,我们使用的是不及物动词的形式。

不及物动词不能直接接宾语,必须在加介词后再接宾语,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,不及物动词只能用这样的形式 to do / do / doing。

及物动词直接接宾语,大多数及物动词有被动语态,少数及物动词无被动,一小部分动词本身表被动。及物动词只能用这样的形式:及物动词有宾语,to do... / do... / doing...,其对应的完成式为to have done... / have done... / have been doing,及物动词后无宾语时,必须用这样的形式:done / to be done / being done(及物动词接双宾语除外),其对应的完成式为having done / to have been done / having been done。

及物动词与不及物动词的最大贡献就是决定了三大从句、时态语态及非谓语动词的用法,光掌握这一点,就基本决定了高中英语学习的成功。

二、英语的五种基本句型

语法学习基本上是按照从词法到句法最后到语篇的过程开展。在这一过程中,我们不难发现句法的学习起着承上启下的作用。而简单句五种基本句型的学习又是句法学习的基本。掌握好五种基本句型,不仅有利于词法的巩固,还为复合句句法深度的延伸学习铺平道路。

五种基本句型分别为:1. 主谓结构,即主语+不及物动词;2. 主系表结构,即主语 + 系动词 + 表语(补语);3. 主谓宾结构,即主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语;4. 主谓 + 双宾语结构,即主语 +(双宾语)动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语;5. 主谓 + 复合宾语结构,即主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。

三、六种句子连用的表达方式

我们把这5种简单句型假设成A句或B句,这样,两个句子连用的时候,常见的有6种表达方式,特别要留意标点符号的用法。

I. A. B. 或A! B!或A? B?

这种句子连用方式,是我们经常见到的,高考题中更是屡见不鲜,没有任何难度。

Stop killing yourself. I want you to be there when I get married.

II. A; B.

此种句型,前后两句在意思上接近或者构成排比或者转折关系。这样的句子连用有:

Do not all you can; spend not all you have; believe not all you have, and tell not all you know.能做不要做尽;花费不要花光;听到的不要都信;知道的不要全说。

You are not in charge of the universe; you are in charge of yourself.你并不掌握整个世界,但是你得掌握你自己。

I句与II句的不同就是后一个句子的首单词首字母是否大写。I句与II句的句型,较为简单,在高考中难度系数较小,不影响对句子及文章的理解。

III. A, conj. B. 或A conj. B.或conj. B, A.或conj. B A.

连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。

这里笔者主要是讲解引导状语从句的特殊的从属连词,它们有:

The father of success is work and the mother of achievement is ambition.

If you associate with achievers, you will become one. If you associate with givers, you will become one. If you associate with complainers, you will become one.

第一个句中and是连词,连接两个句子;第二个句中三个if都是连词,各连接两个条件句。

① Ones life has value_________one brings value to the life of others.(2012江苏卷30)

A. so that B. no matter how

C. as long as D. except that

②_________unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.(2009江苏卷31)

A. Before B. Where

C. Unless D. Until

①句中as long as意为“只要”;so that意为“以便;因此”;no matter how意为“不管怎样”;except that意为“除了”。句意为:只要一个人给别人的生活带来价值,那么他的生命就有价值。根据题意,应选C项。②句句意为:哪儿的失业率高,哪儿的犯罪率就高。其中,where是连词,连接两个句子,引导地点状语从句。

IV. A, conj. B. 或A conj. B. 或conj. B, A. 或conj. B A.的变态表达

本句型最大的特征就是连词连接两个句子,主从句主语一致,从句主语可省略,动词变态为doing / done,紧跟连词不放松。

① If you give a man a fish, you feed him for the day; but if you give him how to fish, you feed him for life.

② Once introduced to Steinbecks writing, one boy went on to read The Grapes of Wrath and told me repeatedly how amazing it was that “all these people hate each other, and theyre all white.”(2012江苏卷阅读理解D)

③ Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV,紫外线) or visible light.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

① 句中连词but连接两个由if引导的条件句,它们的典型特征就是if引导两个主语都是you的句子,故符合此种句型的特征,同时give是及物动词,根据“及物动词有宾语,to do... / do... / doing...”,故整个句子可以改成If giving a man a fish, you feed him for the day; but if giving him how to fish, you feed him for life.

② 句中,主干句主语是one boy,故if引导的条件句中introduce为及物动词,根据“及物动词无宾语,必须用done / to be done / being done,”故条件句回复到原来的句子应该是Once he / one boy was introduced to Steinbecks writing...

③ 句中含有定语从句,其中关系代词为that,其先行词为polymers and other materials,故定语从句含有本类句型。When引导的从句中they也是指代polymers and other materials,故整个定语从句可以改成that begin to break down when absorbing either ultraviolet or visible light.

V. A, B.相同

此种句型,前后两句构成排比气势,或前后句做解释说明,是类似于同位语的句型。

Quitters never win, winners never quit.放弃者绝不会成功,成功者绝不会放弃。

All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成眷属。

Art is long, life is short.人生有限,学问无穷。

A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑长一智。

Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

Out of side, out of mind.眼不见心不烦。

VI. A, B.变态

两个句子连用,任意一句不完整,但有必然的一种关系,都可以构成此种句型,这在高考中很受出题者的青睐。此种句型,有独立主格、定语从句、非谓语动词及名词性从句等。

i 独立主格

独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构基本构成:名词(代词) + 现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)。独立主格的主要特征是主从主语不一致,主从句子逗号分;名代之后形副介,或是动词必变态;there being中的“being”不可省,it being中的“being”不可省。with结构不可轻,逻辑主语是名代,这里作with的宾语,其结构为with sb. / sth. doing / done / to do / adj. / adv. / n. / pp.。

在最近五年的高考试题中,很少涉及到独立主格结构,但是考生务必要了解,因为其和另外几种句型还是有可以考查的地方的。

ii 定语从句

定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。2012江苏高考中出现3个含有3个定语从句的长句及2个含有2个定语从句的长句。

① In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for effective problem solving.(2012江苏卷任务型阅读)

② In my 14 years of teaching in a New York City public middle school, Ive taught kids with imprisoned parents, abusive parents, irresponsible parents; kids who are parents themselves; kids who are homeless; kids who grew up in violent neighborhoods.(2012江苏卷阅读理解D)

③ I thought additional “cultural capital” could help students like her develop better in high school, where they would unavoidably meet, perhaps for the first time, students who came from homes lined with bookshelves, whose parents had earned Ph. D.s.(2012江苏卷阅读理解D)

④ But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

⑤ That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

①②③句都含有3个定语从句,①句managers lift everyones anxiety level、the part of the brain、the prefrontal cortex为三个定语从句的先行词,在定语从句中都做主语用;②句中先行词为三个kids,在定语从句中都做主语;③句中先行词为high school及两个students,分别在定语从句中作地点关系副词、主语及定语。④⑤句中都含有2个定语从句,④句为两个非限制性定语从句,其中先行词各为tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light及the skin;⑤句中先行词分别为last year及a polymer,在定语从句中各做时间状语,故用关系副词when;第二个定语从句中缺主语,故用关系代词。

1.定语从句与句型III的区别:

定语从句中是A,B变, 而句型III中则是连词连接两个完整的句子。

So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules thats even better. (2012江苏卷阅读理解C)其中,a new material是先行词,而that则是关系代词,在定语从句中做主语。可以把这个句子换成So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules and its even better.我们可以看到在定语从句中,无连词,用关系词,而在改过的句子中,有连词,用指示词(除关系代词以外的代词),这是很多初学定语从句的同学极容易犯错的地方,尤其是在单选题中。

2.定语从句之变态句型,这可以理解为是非谓语动词句型的一种。

关系代词做主语在定语从句中有两种使用情况:①关系代词不可省略。②关系代词可省略:动词必须大变态,主动doing,被动done,去掉be动不商量。在这种句型当中,一定要留意及物动词与不及物动词及其用法。

① Recently a survey_________prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江苏卷31)

A.compared B.comparing

C.compares D.being compared

② The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,_________the students to return to their classrooms. (2010江苏卷28)

A. enabling B. having enabled

C. to enable D. to have enabled

③ Aside from trying to stop the graying of Americas farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of “useless” college degrees. (2012江苏卷阅读理解B)

①句中,compare引导的句子是从句,而不是主干句,而compare是及物动词,prices of the same goods是其宾语,根据“及物动词有宾语,to do... / do... / doing...”,故只能选择B。同样,句②中,The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu是主干句,故enable引起的句子是从句,而这里enable是及物动词,the students是其宾语,根据“及物动词有宾语,to do... / do... / doing...”,故只能选择A。当然①句中的comparing可以换成which / that compares,②句中enabling可以换成which enabled,这两种情况,正是定语从句中关系代词作主语的省略情况。同样,在③句中的blog posting that...就是which / that posts that...转化而来的。

3.定语从句与同位语从句的区别:

① 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接词的作用。

② 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。

The notice came around two in the afternoon_________the meeting would be postponed. (2012江苏卷27)

A. when B. that

C. whether D. how

此句空格后的句子是解释说明名词the notice,作同位语从句,在从句中不做任何成分,所以用that引导。

The notice that surprised me most came around two in the afternoon.让我吃惊的通知在下午两点钟来。此句that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作主语。

iii 非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以充当句子的其他成分。其典型特征是:两个句子无连词,主从主语为一致,从句主语定省略,从句主语逻辑用。动词变态为doing / done, 完成having done / having been done。从句中的to do不表示结果, to do表目的,之前无“,”一定要搞懂。

在定语从句之变态句型中,①②句也是非谓语动词句型,而在以下5个句中,①句中的called cresol groups 及linked in a polymer; ②句中的releasing any drugs in the capsule; ③句中的aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest; ④句中的to be connected都可以理解为是非谓语动词作定语,或者说是定语从句中关系代词作主语后省略了关系代词后动词变态的语言现象。

① This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

② Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

③ The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.(2012江苏卷阅读理解B)

④ The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a (n) 39 as weve known it. (2012江苏卷完形填空)

⑤ _________an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.(2012江苏卷31)

A. Based B. Basing

C. Base D. To base

⑤ 句是典型的非谓语动词句式,其中base是及物动词,其有宾语,主干句主语是you,与base是逻辑上的主谓关系,根据“及物动词宾语用to do... / do... / doing...”的规律,这里只能选用B或D,但是to do sth是表示目的,而不是伴随或原因,所以这里只能选B。

非谓语动词在近几年的高考中,每年都有出现,且只要根据其及物与不及物就能判定其答案。

iv 名词性从句

名词性从句分四种。在五种简单句型中,如果主语部分被一个完整句子代替的话,此句叫做主语从句;如果宾语部分被一个句子代替的话,此句叫做宾语从句;如果表语部分被一个句子代替的话,则叫做表语从句;如果表示内容的名词后面接解释说明类的句子时,此句叫做同位语从句。代替部分的句子必须使用陈述句型,同时还要注意这样的规则:特殊疑问句需要将特殊疑问词放在从句前;一般疑问句需要置whether或if位于从句前;陈述句that来引起,它们都要使用陈述句式。

① Once introduced to Steinbecks writing, one boy went on to read The Grapes of Wrath and told me repeatedly how amazing it was that “all these people hate each other, and theyre all white.”(2012江苏卷阅读理解D)

② Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining nearinfrared light (NIR,近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

①句是宾语从句、形式主语,tell是及物动词,后接双宾语,it是形式主语,同时how引起感叹句做tell的宾语从句。此句中还有非谓语动词句型及从句主语省略。②句式典型的宾语从句,design是及物动词,宾语部分的句中缺少主语,而且指物,故用特殊疑问词what来引起从句,从句使用陈述句型。

四、复杂句型辨别技巧

2012年的高考题从阅读的难度上来说,都比往年加深,体现在句子的长度与难度上。其实,在早前的文章中,早就提及如何识别复杂句型,去繁为简,直至见五种简单句型。辨别复杂句子其实就体现在找出主干句和从句动词的技巧上的。

我们在学习中,要以动词为核心来判断句子主干句和从句:

1.如何判断主干句?

动词前没有关系词(不包括省略),动词有人称、时态和数的变化,这种动词我们称为主干句动词,那么动词动作的发出者就是主语,动作的承受者就是宾语。

2.如何判断从句?有两种情况:

动词前有关系词(包括省略),且有人称、时态和数的变化,这种动词我们称为从句动词,那么动词动作的发出者就是主语,动作的承受者就是宾语。

动词前无关系词,但动词有to do / to be done / doing / done等的形式变化,这种动词我们称为从句动词。

我们以这个原则来分析以下两个句子。

Never before have we had the innovations in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been.(2012江苏卷阅读理解B)

此句中,是否定副词never位于句首,句子使用半倒装,分析句子时,初学者习惯上把倒装句改成陈述句。先判断主干句,have had是have的现在完成时态的复数形式,是主干句动词,主语为we,the innovations为宾语。在which have led to agriculture中,have led to为现在完成时的复数形式且前关系词为which,由此可以判定which的先行词为innovations 而非technology。being the most efficient是agriculture的补足语,同时也是定语从句it has ever been的先行词。

That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.(2012江苏卷阅读理解C)

此句为复杂句型,含有2个定语从句、1个同位语、1个宾语从句及1个时间状语从句。此复杂句主干句That changed last year是个主谓状结构,判断依据:changed有人称时态及数的变化且前无关系词,故changed是主干句动词,其前的that为主语。这里的when可以有两种理解方式:一是关系副词引起定语从句,二是连词连接时间状语从句。但笔者倾向于前者。reported、had designed、breaks down与absorbs都有人称时态及数的变化,它们前都有关系词或连接词分别为when、that、that与when,故它们都是从句动词。在when定语从句中,主语Adah Almutairi的同位语a chemist at the University of California, San Diego尾随其后,reported为及物动词,故其后的she and her colleagues had designed a polymer为其宾语从句,宾语从句中的宾语a polymer同时也是breaks down这个定语从句的主语,其后的从句中when是连词,引起时间状语从句。

大家可以尝试着把本文中的所有句子逐个进行分析,领悟其技巧。其实,无论句型多么复杂,我们都要找出其内在的规律并能根据几种复杂句型的神似与形似,并将其化成五种简单句型。我们设想一下:再难的句子能难道哪里?只要平时多做这方面的练习,高考中一定会大有回报!

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