托福写作解析

2024-08-15

托福写作解析(共7篇)

托福写作解析 篇1

范文:

TV set was invented about less than a century ago, and it takes a few decades to become a major part of mass leisure. Usually, audiences watch TV programs to relax and to kill time. However, with the emerging of more well-designed programs with educational functions, it is beneficial for people to watch for knowledge but not simply for cheap entertainment.

Admittedly, there is every reason for people to entertain themselves with TV programs. After whole day work or study under heavy pressure, people need an effective way to release stress. Thanks to the funny story, humorous conversation, or exaggerated facial expression and body language, people burst into a belly laugh in a relaxing atmosphere while lying on the sofa with beverage and snacks at hand. This is exactly why cartoon movies are popular among both children and adults, such as Pleasant Sheep. However, there are actually many other programs that can both help people relax and acquire knowledge. They deserve more attention from audiences.

To begin with, when people are able to kill two bird with one stone, why not choose to spend time more meaningfully with programs that convey knowledge in an interesting way. To attract eyeballs and increase audience rating, even educational TV programs directors and producers will spare no efforts to make their program interesting, so as to make more profits. Consequently, they usually add many elements to entertain audience, such as jokes, funny tones, or celebrities. For example, an interesting cartoon play for young children in China, called Haier Brothers, teaches audiences knowledge about natural science through two little brothers’ traveling around the world. Their traveling stories explain why there are mountains and rivers on earth, how rains form and why there are four seasons, etc. The vivid pictures and interesting narration never fail to attract little audiences.

Secondly, it is also worth watching programs of serious topics, in order to equip ourselves with necessary knowledge and expand outlook. Living in an ear featuring information explosion, people need the ability to collect information and knowledge that may be crucial in work or life. Sometimes, when there is too much information that is overwhelming, confusing or even disorienting, people should be able to discern with a clear and critical mind. An effective solution is to watch some talk shows about political and social issues. The discussion between the cynical host and distinguished guests will give us a clue on how to view events happening around us. Take the most important political issue in US, namely presidential election, as an example. The speeches of various candidates usually contain too much information that is sometimes misleading or even demagogic. As to have a better understanding of candidates’ political views and their possible future behaviors, we need to draw opinions from professional and objective sources from those political talk shows.

To sum up, it is highly necessary and recommended that audiences today spend more time on TV programs that are educational and enlightening.

Agree or disagree with the following statement people should spend more time watching programs that provide knowledge and spend less time watching programs which provide entertainment only?

娱乐节目:

1)打发时间

2)放松压力

教育节目:

1)很多教育性质的节目其实也很有趣,可以放松压力的状态下学到东西

2)一些节目虽然比较严肃,但是人们可以获取很多有用的知识与信息,也是值得看的

作者:Cindy

托福写作解析 篇2

笔者给学生上了四年的“托福听力”和“综合写作”的选修课,深深感到新托福考试更有交际语言测试的特点,尤其在特定情境下对学生语言运用能力的考查。于是,一直在思考和总结ETS为什么这样测试学生的听力和写作,它的交际语言测试的特色表现在哪些方面?在中学英语听力测试中是否可以借鉴托福听力和综合写作的测试形式,提高学生综合语言运用能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力等核心素养呢?

一、理论基础

真实性是交际法英语考试的一个基本要求。真实性就是考试的语言行为要来源于现实生活中的语言行为,即学生所测验的语言就是平时在生活中体验的语言;学生在测试中需要完成的任务就是考生在现实生活中需要解决的事情。为了考试的真实性,使考试的任务与语言和现实生活的实际相对应,我们在设计考试时先要确定现实生活所运用的语言和特征,然后让考试的任务与之对应(徐强2000)。

Bachman(1991)提出从以下两个方面定义测试的真实性:

情景真实性是指测试方法与语言的使用情景的关联程度。

交际真实性即学生在语言测试中的参与程度。

二、新托福听力与写作测试的特点

(一)听力与写作测试的目的

听力:测试考生理解口语的能力,考核考生在学术环境中听懂讲座和谈话的能力。

写作:考查考生在学术领域中的写作能力。

(二)听力与写作的考试题型

听力:四个学术讲座,两组对话,讲座比对话多。答题形式:四选一,多选题,填表题,排序题,重放题。

写作:独立写作———就某个问题阐述自己的看法;综合写作——先读、听,后写。

(三)听力与写作材料的主题

听力:包括学术和非学术内容,艺术、生命科学、自然科学和社会科学四大类。非学术内容或与课程管理有关,或与学生服务有关。

独立写作:家长与孩子、学习与教育、工作与企业、环境、建筑、历史与文化、生活习惯等与生活密切相关的话题。

综合写作:社会热点、学校制度、文体活动、历史名人等大学学术类话题。

(四)听力和写作材料的来源

听力:北美校园的真实场景,分为讲座和对话。讲座来自于教授在大学课堂上课的真实场景;对话发生于学校办公室和学生服务处。

写作:综合写作———学术类阅读和听力材料;独立写作———生活密切相关的话题。

(五)听力和写作的计分方式

听力的计分方式:既设置了单选题,也安排了多选题。单选题———四选一,每小题一分;多选题——都选对得满分(2分),选对两个得1分,选对一个不得分。

写作的计分方式:把原始分(0~5分)按对照表转化为转化分(0~30分)。

(六)听力和写作考试过程

听力考试过程:在课堂上完成。学生先浏览图片提示(演讲还是对话),边听边记笔记,再根据笔记逐题回答。

综合写作考试过程:阅读文章在电脑的左边,3分钟后看不到阅读文章,在阅读中学生边读边记笔记,主要记录文章的论点及大概事例;接着播放2分钟的听力材料,在听的过程中,学生也是边听边记笔记,听力播放一遍即停止,这时阅读文章在屏幕左边重新出现,学生开始限定时间完成写作。

独立写作考试过程:屏幕左边是论述的题目,右侧则供学生在限定时间内通过键盘输入文字并完成写作。

三、以学术为背景的先听再答的听力测试方式的研究

为检查学生先听再答的听力测试方式在实际应用中的情况,笔者及所在英语小组教师对四届600名高一和高二的学生进行了先听再答的听力课堂教学,选取字数在120词左右,语速在156wpm的学术性听力文章(以全国高考第二节的平均语速为参考),每堂课学生自备纸笔,教师在课前把听力题目打在PPT上,同时用图片提示学生听演讲还是对话,每个班30名学生。每一届学生经过一年先听再答的听力学习后,研究教师对其进行了测试,收集并分析了他们的问卷,得出以下四个结论:

第一,在实践中,学生对国外的课程文化和校园生活非常感兴趣,比如,在音乐历史的演讲中,听关于贝多芬的伟大贡献与人生经历;在大学生活中提到停车位过少,学生用抽奖的方式来获得停车位;运用记忆卡的方式记忆英语单词,不用母语,写下英语单词及其定义;物理课堂中谈论为什么天空是蓝色的;心理学课程告知学生依据自己的个性慎重选择职业,以及选择职业的三要素等。与其说是一堂听力课,不如说学生通过英语了解了生活和学习中的各个层面。

第二,刚开始时学生对先听再答的听力方式有些不知所措,不知道该记什么,但经过半个学期的学习,学生渐渐喜欢上这样的听力方式,从学生和口语教师了解到,这种方式能很快促进学生的英语口语和逻辑表达能力的提高。

第三,听力的题目在电脑上展示,节约了试卷印刷和运输方面的成本。平常训练在班级的PPT上进行,考试时到机房。由于采用电子方式传输考试资料,保证了试题的安全性,减少了分发所需的人力,更加便于组织和协调考试。

第四,先听再答的听力教学在实践中比较容易操作,只要高中学校有多媒体教室,这种教学方式就能尝试。

四、以学术为背景的综合写作研究

为了提高学生的综合写作能力,实践综合语言能力教学,笔者及所在英语小组教师对四届400名高一学生进行了每周一次的课堂教学,选取3分钟阅读100~120词左右的文章,每班30名学生。每一届学生经过先读后听再写的综合写作训练后,研究教师对学生进行了测试,收集并分析了他们的问卷。总结以下三点:

第一,在实践中先读再听后写的方式有利于让中等及中等偏下学生写有所依。同时通过层层推进的写作教学指导,减轻写作的难度。

第二,有利于训练学生的概括能力。学生通过边阅读边总结、边听边总结的方式,可以用70个字左右的文字概括别人的想法。当今社会纷繁复杂,训练学生快速地领会别人的意思,从复杂中理清线索也是一个很重要的能力。

第三,把测试当成一种学习的途径。即使学生无法很好地概括文章的主要信息,也可以通过写前的阅读和听力了解历史、健康、天文等知识。英语学习更像是现实生活中阅读一本小说或听一则短文,形成自己的想法。

五、对中学英语听力和写作测试的启示

在中学英语听力和写作教学中可以得到以下三点启示:

第一,全国卷听力的主题主要是日常生活中熟悉的话题。如2013年至2015年涉及庆祝生日、旅游、参观、出差、看电影、面试、租房、食物品尝、茶叶介绍等,引发笔者思考,在选材的主题上是否可以与学生感兴趣的课程相联系,听力和写作选择的材料是否可以更广泛一些?是否能给予学生美的享受的艺术类材料,如中外音乐、手工艺、建筑等;亦或是能提升学生科学素养的一些话题,如海洋、天文、环境卫生等;亦或是关系到学生成长规划的听力选材,甚至可以给予学生国内外典型的中学、大学管理方式的介绍等。这些内容以开阔学生的视野,普及知识,让学生用语言这一工具了解语言背后的国内外文化,培养跨文化交际能力,提升素养,培养爱国情怀。

第二,学习和教学语言是希望学生能在现实生活中快速地进入交流的状态。那么,测试和教学的真实性就非常重要,只听一遍的这种先听后答的测试方式符合现实生活中人们的交流状态,测试更具有交际法英语考试的特点。在现实生活中,我们经常对某一文章或某一广播材料提出或记录自己的想法,可见,新托福的综合写作更贴近现实。因此,笔者认为,测试的真实性首先应该确定现实生活中会用到什么,会有什么样的语言任务。

第三,计算机化考试是基于交际能力的新型考试体系,便于组织和协调考试,考试结果更具有信度和效度。在先听后答的听力测试过程中,由于用计算机、多媒体传输考试资料,试题的安全性更有保障,计算机化考试给教师提供了一个安全平台用以实践交际语言特色的测试方式,让教师设计出更有交际性、更真实的测试题型,收集数据,促进考试管理和改进。

参考文献

新托福写作攻略 篇3

考试内容

新托福作文部分包括两道试题,需在大约55分钟的时间内完成。

第一道是以阅读和听力材料为基础的综合写作试题。考生需要首先阅读一篇学术文章,阅读的时间是3分钟左右。然后文章隐去,这时考生需要听一段大约为1分半钟的演讲。但是考生在写作文时可以看到在放听力材料时隐去的阅读材料。考生在阅读和听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点,并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何关系。作文内容是根据考试所提出的问题而定的,不能由考生自由发挥。通常有效的回答应是一篇150~225个单词的作文。本试题属于客观性题目。

第二道是独立写作试题。本部分需30分钟的时间,与现行机考托福的写作考试或笔试托福写作考试(TWE)类似,需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇超过300个单词的作文。考生可以自由选择材料、形式和观点等,不受题目的严格限制。本试题属于主观性题目。相比较而言,第二道题目考生更容易取得高分。

上述两个写作部分单独记分。分数值均为0~5分。新托福写作部分的总得分要综合参考考生的两项作文分数,算出两项的平均值,然后统一换算成0~30分的标准分。

评分标准

综合写作部分的评分标准:

1、符合5分档的文章

有效地完成了写作任务,表述了演讲中的相关信息点;

准确地将演讲和阅读中的信息点联系起来;

结构精当,行文流畅;

语法与词汇运用恰当,在语言方面仅有极少的轻微错误。

2、符合4分档的文章

基本上表述了演讲中的相关信息点,但可能遗失了一些次要信息点;

比较好地将演讲和阅读中的主要信息点联系起来,但对信息点或其联系表达可能不准确或不清楚;

结构比较精当;

语法与词汇运用恰当,但在语言方面有一些明显的轻微错误,或偶尔表意不明确。

3、符合3分档的文章

表述了演讲中的一些相关信息点,但可能遗失了一个关键信息点;

将演讲和阅读中的某些信息点联系起来,但对某些信息点或其联系表达可能不完整,不准确或不清楚;

在语法或语言运用方面有一些错误,使得信息点或其联系表述不清楚。

4、符合2分档的文章

表述了演讲中的一些相关信息点,但可能遗失了一些关键信息点或对关键信息点表述不清楚;

未能或错误地将演讲和阅读中的某些信息点联系起来;

在语言方面有一些错误,使得关键信息点或其联系表述不清楚。

5、符合1分档的文章

只表述了演讲中的极少相关信息点,或没能表述演讲中的相关信息点;

没能将演讲和阅读中的信息点联系起来;

在语言方面有一些错误,使得表意很不明确;

太简短让人无法衡量其写作水平。

6、符合0分档的文章

只是抄写了阅读中的几个句子;

与所给话题不相关;

用英语以外的语言写作;或者是空白卷。

独立写作部分的评分标准:

1、符合5分档的文章

有效地完成了写作任务,清楚地阐述了作者的论点;

结构比较精当,论证比较充分,有一些事例,理由或细节;

段落间衔接紧密,行文流畅,有些表达不够简洁或不够清楚;

语言简洁有力,句式富有变化,用词精当,只有极少的轻微语言错误。

2、符合4分档的文章

很好地完成了写作任务,但有些论点未得到充分论证;

结构精当,论证充分,有恰当的事例,理由或细节;

段落间衔接紧密,行文流畅;

句式和词汇富有变化,虽有一些明显的轻微语言错误,但不影响语意的表达。

3、符合3分档的文章

较好地完成了写作任务,有一些论点得到论证,有一些恰当的论据;

段落间衔接比较紧密,行文比较流畅,但语意间的联系偶尔会不清楚;

语言比较简洁有力,句式和词汇方面的错误有时使得语意表达不清;

句式和词汇使用准确,但不富有变化。

4、符合2分档的文章

未能有效地完成写作任务,论据不恰当或者不充分;

文章展开不够,语意间联系不紧密;

语法和行文有大量错误。

2、符合1分档的文章

文章结构严重错误,展开很不充分,

只有极少的论据,或没有论据,或论据与话题无关;

语法和行文有大量的严重错误。

1、符合0分档的文章

与所给话题不相关;

用英语以外的语言写作;

是空白卷。

(此汉语翻译由笔者提供)

如何准备新托福写作

与现行机考和笔考的写作部分相比,新托福写作对考生的英文综合应用能力提出了更高的要求。考生不仅要具备扎实的语法和词汇功底,还要能够综合驾驭听、读、写的能力,才能圆满完成写作任务。从命题形式上看,新托福虽然不再单独设置语法考题,但是纵观新托福的题型和出题目的,我们不难发现ETS是将语法测试隐蔽地融入到了对其他内容的考查,特别是对口语和写作的考查中了。因此,考生在写作中要特别注意避免犯各种语法错误。另外,为了能在写作部分取得高分,考生还需要扩大单词量,特别是能够自如运用的积极词汇量,所以对词汇的掌握情况也成了影响写作成绩的重要因素。从命题思路上看,新托福结合了主观性题目和客观性题目,不仅要求考生在有限的时间里根据自己的积累和理解完成命题作文,还要求考生在有限的时间和有限的资料帮助下对特定的问题做出回答。这种新的命题形式既考查了考生平时的知识面,又考查了考生的临场应变能力。从考试时间上看,新托福写作的总时间延长了,这就需要考生要有较好的耐力和意志力,能够在更长的时间里集中精力完成规定的作文题目。

要迎接新托福写作的挑战,并且获得成功, 考生必须首先掌握以下几方面知识:

良好的语法知识;充足的词汇量;基本的文体知识;良好的阅读习惯;良好的听力水平;高超的语言衔接手段;高超的记笔记能力。

为此,考生要进一步加强英语基本功的训练,强化语法知识和学术论文写作的文体知识,考生需要熟练掌握英文写作中常用的时态、语态、语气和句式。能够熟练地写出语法正确、逻辑清晰、措辞准确的语句。

要千方百计扩大词汇量。主要包括熟悉单词的拼写、发音、词性变化和搭配用法。能够做到熟练进行单词的中英文切换。从目前掌握的信息来看,新托福比现行的托福考试要求的词汇量大。

考生应该在平时多阅读一些学术性文章,熟悉其写作格式和常用语言及表达句式,熟悉英语文章的文章结构和英语作者的写作思路,熟悉英语文章常用的衔接手段,尽量模仿英、美作者的逻辑思维练习写议论性文章。要提高快速阅读能力,做到精读和泛读二者相结合。迅速了解文章大意,快速提取关键词、关键句和重要的信息点。

考生还要多听一些英语演讲,收听英语广播和收看英语电视节目,最好是学术性比较强的内容,以便熟悉学术性英语的口头表达方式和内容组织特点。要提高精听和泛听的能力。能够迅速捕捉到听力段落的关键词、关键句和重要信息点;能够较完整地抓住文章的主要内容,归纳出主旨大意。考生要有意识地加强记笔记的能力。这包括两个方面,一是要能快速、准确地判定什么是最重要的、是必须记下来的内容;二是在记的同时要兼顾听与读,不错过重要的信息。要知道,如果在“听”这个环节没有记下足够的有价值的信息,独立写作部分就是无米之炊,考生只能抱恨而归了。

以上各个方面的提高既有赖于大家平时的积累,又要注意课堂上老师的精心讲解。

如何完成新托福写作考试

针对新托福写作中各个部分笔者有如下几项建议:

1)如何完成综合写作部分

熟悉指令。每场考试的指令都是相同的,因此考试时没有必要再花时间仔细阅读指令。所以在考前,你一定要对考试指令娴熟在心。

指令一出来就立刻跳过。你对指令应该已很熟悉,因此只要指令一出现就立刻用鼠标点Continue,将你的时间省下来用在答题上。

如果综合写作任务的内容你并不熟悉,不要担心。所有你需要回答的信息都包含在段落里。回答这些问题不需要任何背景知识。

仔细阅读材料。你只有有限的阅读时间。

阅读段落时,仔细记笔记。注意主要观点和主要的支持信息。不要写下你读到的所有内容。不要写下太多不必要的细节。

仔细听。每段你只能听一次。考试时你不能重复这些段落。

边听边仔细记笔记。不要写下你听到的所有内容。不要写下太多不必要的细节。

清楚地组织自己的回答。回答应包括能说明阅读段落和听力段落之间关系的主题句、支持主题句的重要材料、关于阅读材料的一个段落、关于听力材料的一个段落。

利用过渡词使你的回答连贯。如果能显示出回答的观点是如何相互关联的,你的回答就更易被读懂、理解。

坚持使用你有把握的词汇、句子结构和语法点。这时不是你尝试新词汇、句子结构和语法点的时候。

注意显示在计算机屏幕上标题栏内的时间。该标题栏显示本节考试所余时间、本节问题的总数、你所做问题的总数。

提前几分钟写完你的答案,留出编辑校对的时间。你应该利用最后的3~5分钟检查自己的答案,看看是否有句子结构问题和语法错误。

2)如何完成独立写作部分

熟悉指令。(同上)

指令一出来就立刻跳过。(同上)

仔细阅读问题,一定要答为所问。在开始写作之间,一定要花点时间理解问题,明确要求你写的是什么。

清楚地组织自己的回答。文章结构应包括简介、由简介引申出来的主体段落和文章结尾。

利用过渡词使你的回答连贯。如果能显示出回答的观点是如何相互关联的,你的回答就更易被读懂、理解。

写任何概括性句子,都要提供论据支持。对任何概括性句子,你都应举出例子、原因、事实或个人信息予以支持。

坚持使用你所知道的词汇、句子结构和语法点。这时不是你尝试新词汇、句子结构和语法点的时候。

注意显示在计算机屏幕上标题栏内的时间。该标题栏显示本节考试所余时间、本节问题的总数、你所做问题的总数。

提前几分钟写完文章,留出编辑校对的时间。你应该利用最后的3~5分钟检查自己的文章,看看是否有句子结构问题和语法错误。

总的来说,新托福写作部分对考生的英文运用能力提出了较高的要求。有志参加新托福考试的同学不但要全面提高英文的听、说、读、写能力,还要系统地了解和掌握新托福的命题目的、出题形式,解题技巧和评分标准。

下面的表格是新托福写作的原始分数(两项的平均分数)和换算后分数的对照表:

通过这个表格大家可以发现,只要第二项写作任务得到满分,即使第一项只能得到4分,最终的得分仍然高达28分。这已经是很骄人的成绩了。倘若第二项得分在3.5分,那总分也会在27分。这个成绩对于申请者来讲也是令人满意的。

托福写作解析 篇4

范文:

It happens that we may carelessly ignore some people’s feeling and suddenly realize how important they are in our life after we lose them. To prevent it from happening, people adopt different strategies, even including keeping distance. In fact, a better way to understand and improve relationship with important people in life is to spend more time with them.

Admittedly, by keeping distance with people we believe we have strong ties with, we will make clear how the life is with their absence. Living a life without them, we may fail to perform well and start to make mistakes. The feeling of strong emotional attachment proves they are indispensable. For instance, the end of friendship with an old friend will help us realize without him, we have no one to have a drink together on Friday night. However, in this way, when we finally realize the significance of relationship, we may already do harm to it and it may be too late for us to make up.

In fact, by keeping distance, we lack necessary communication that is important for us to better understand each other and consolidate mutual trust. As social animals, we have to deal with various complicated relationship with people around us, including family members and friends. It seems difficult to distinguish who is more essential. Without sharing of thoughts and experiences, we can hardly know whether we have same attitudes towards life, social events, interpersonal relationship, etc.The similarity between us is usually the foundation of a long-term relationship. For example, only through communication can an optimism person find people around them possessing positive attitudes towards troubles, and he needs their encouragement and inspiration.

In addition, the absence in life of people we believe important, especially their critical moments, is usually considered by them as disrespect and indifference. This is surely baneful for the relationship. In fact, to strengthen ties with people we care about, we ought to spare more time to accompany them. No matter what people we care about are experiencing, they need accompany from trustworthy ones, such as sharing of their happiness, supporting of their decision, and comforting of their failure. The time spent on accompanying is the most valuable investment one can make and the most precious gift one can give. For instance, to show up in friend’s birthday party, graduation ceremony or promotion party is more important than sending expensive presents.

To sum up, to keep distance or to leave far away is definitely not the right choice for us to understand people we care about. Actually, it is more advisable for us to communicate and to accompany.

Some people believe that spending time away from the people we care about helps us improve our relationships with them, because being away from these people makes us realize how important they are to us. Other people believe that to improve our relationships with people we care about, we should spend as much time with them as possible, because spending time apart can damage or harm a relationship. Which view do you agree with, and why?

这一次的考题,重复8月21日的题目

作者:Cindy

解析常见托福写作题型 篇5

托福写作题型1. 政府投资

People should keep all the money they earn and should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree?

托福写作题型2.文化类

i. It is more important for a building to serve its purposes than to look beautiful. Architects do not need to worry about whether it is a real work of art. Do you agree or disagree?

ii. The international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. To what extent do you think its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages?

托福写作题型 3. 科技影响

Many employees may work at home with modern technol.y. Some people claim that it benefits only workers, but not employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

托福写作题型 4. 全球化影响

There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country’s identity. What is your opinion?

托福写作题型 5. 生活工作

Some people think that changing jobs periodically is good. What is your opinion?

托福写作题型 6. 传媒类

Some people suggest that there should be restrictions on a detailed description of crimes in the newspapers and on television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

托福写作题型 7. 教育类

i. Some people believe that educating children alt.ether will benefit them. Others think intelligent children should be taught separately and given special courses. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

ii. Today, more school leavers are unable to find jobs. Discuss the causes of rising unemployment among young adults and suggest any solutions.

托福写作题型 8. 环境类

It is said that the best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

托福写作题型 9. 动物类

Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out, although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation? What are your suggestions?

托福写作题型 10.广告类

There are many advertisements directed at children. Parents argue that children are misled, while advertisers consider advertising a source of useful information. What is your opinion?

托福写作:如何避免写出假的thesis statement?

1.这是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?

2.它是否arguable(可以被议论的)?

3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?

4.它是否表达了一个main idea?

5.它是否是个疑问句?

来看一下例子:我的观点是California was the best trip ever. 那么这句话是否是个合格的thesis statement呢?通过问自己这5个问题我们就可以判断出来。

1.这是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?

是的。这句话有主语和谓语。

2.它是否arguable(可以被议论的)?

是的。很明显,我是通过对比了其他地方的旅行经历才得出了加州是最棒的这一观点。

3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?

是的。我会用三个分论点来支持我的观点。1)learning how to surf at Malibu; 2) going sightseeing; 3) meeting Vincent.

4.它是否表达了一个main idea?

是的。我只有一个main idea:having a fantastic time in California.

5.它是否是个问句?

不是问句。

thesis statement永远不可以是一个问句。

所以,基于这五个问题的分析,我们可以确定California was the best trip ever.这句话是一个合格的thesis statement。

在了解了什么是thesis statement的基础上,来看一下什么是假的thesis statement。

a statement of fact 事实的陈述

a.Alaska is a big state.

这是一个不能够被讨论的事实,是一个真理。

b.Californian red wine is the best in the world.

这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话,能够被议论,被支持,表达了一个主要观点,并且不是疑问句。

a question

a. Is global warming a problem?

这里又要强调一遍thesis statement永远不可以是一个问句。

b. Global warming threatens the future of the planet.

这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话,能够被议论,被支持,表达了一个主要观点,并且不是疑问句。

a sentence fragment

a. Paris: the most beautiful cityin Europe.

这句话不是完整的句子。缺少“is”。

b. Without a doubt, the TOEFL iBTis a true measure of your potential.

这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话,能够被议论,被支持,表达了一个主要观点,并且不是疑问句。

simple announce the topic

a. In this essay, I will talkabout the problem of teenagers drinking and driving in my country, Argentina.

这句话只是告诉读者将要写的内容(topic),而没有出现观点。

b. Personally, I think thatteenagers must finish high school before they can get a driver’s license.

这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话,能够被议论,被支持,表达了一个主要观点,并且不是疑问句。

丨练习:判断真假thesis statement

everyone should learn a foreign language.

How difficult is it to get a perfect score on the TOEFL iBT?

The CEO told us that the company had no other choice but to lay off five thousand employees.

In this essay, I’m going totalk about dogs and cats, and other domestic animals.

Iwona is ecstatic. Her grades are so good she got into Harvard and Yale. Now she must choose which one she will attend.

Last night, I went to an Italian restaurant and had lasagna.

The TOEFL iBT consists of four sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing.

There are many English language proficiency tests; however, TOEFL is the test you must take if you are serious about studying at an English-speaking college or university.

Drinking a bottle of red wine every day will make you smarter.

Why is the price of gasoline going up?

答案:

托福写作:结构性词汇介绍

英文写作和中文写作在行文习惯和逻辑上都有很大的差别,这一点之前在之前介绍如何解决指代不明的问题时就已经提到过了。整体上看,相比于中国(或者说东方)风格的婉转隐晦,美国人则更坚持简洁明了。那么从行文习惯上,这个特点有一个很常见的体现,那就是结构性词汇的使用。这里所说的结构性词汇是我自己起的名字,可能不同的人有不同的说法。这些词汇在文章当中的作用就是表明和构建框架,告诉读者每一部分的内容分别是什么。它们与逻辑关联词的最终目的相似,都是为了使文章看起来调理更加清晰、结构更加合理。

对于综合写作来说,各位老师通常为同学们提供的模板当中很多都是结构性词汇,最典型的就是序数词和类似序数词作用的一些表达。简单的有first,second,third,高级一些的有first of all,moreover,in addition等等。这些是用来分隔和标明综合写作的三段主体段,方便读者(即阅卷人)理解和寻找要点。另外很重要的一种结构性词汇就是“阅读文章提到”“听力部分认为”等等这类说明观点持有者身份的部分。有了这些我们才能明确下面我们所体现的内容到底是哪一份材料的观点,从而避免歧义。

对于独立写作,结构性词汇也有非常重要的作用。与综合写作相同的就是我们需要用到分隔并标明分论点的序数词。这些序数词或者类似功能的词汇出现,读者就能意识到后面一般会紧跟着一个主体段的分论点。除此之外,为了体现清晰的结构脉络,主体段内其他几个关键环节(比如“说理”和“论据”)也需要结构性词汇的引入。比如说理,即把主旨句当中的理由再表达得更清晰明确一些,所以引入说理环节的结构性词汇就可以是:

1. That is to say, ...

2. To be more specific, ...

3. In other words, ...

他们的意思也很简单,分别是“那就是说”“更具体地说”“换句话说”。而引入论据的方式就更简单了,for example/take sth.as an example等等都很常见。

托福写作解析 篇6

Topic:Eat out or eat at home?

Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

参考分析:

不要急于做出选择,先进行比较,然后根据情况选择:

去餐馆或者吃快餐的优缺点:方便、快捷、多种口味;昂贵、卫生可能得不到保障、快餐使人发胖;

在家吃饭的优缺点:干净、可以做出自己喜欢的口味、节省、与家人和朋友共同准备实物很开心;花费时间、可能做的没有餐馆那么好吃;

在不同的情况下会有不同的选择。周末休息应该跟家人在家里吃饭。与老朋友久别重逢应该找一家安静的餐馆……

范文:

选择在饭馆吃饭:

(1)节省时间,自己做饭很麻烦;

(2)能够品尝各种各样的美食;

(3)能够促进和朋友的感情。

Nowadays, some people like to eat at home and prepare food by themselves, but others prefer to eat outside in restaurants or at food stands. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to eat at home.(标准式开头,先阐述现今社会状况,再表达个人观点,开门见山)

Of course there are some advantages to eat out. Firstly, restaurants offer a more comfortable environment to eat and the food there tastes more delicious than home-cooked meals. In addition, eating at restaurants is a good way of getting together with friends. People also do not need to worry about washing dishes and cleaning. For people who are too busy to cook, eating out is certainly an ideal(理想的)choice. Furthermore, for people do not know how to cook and do not have someone to cook for them, eat out seems to be the only choice.(本段是让步段,先讲在外吃的好处一个是舒适的环境美味的食物,另一个是给不会做饭和不知做饭给谁的人提供吃饭的条件)

However, I prefer to cook and eat and home. The main reason is that at home, family members can prepare their meals and enjoying their food together, which can enhance their relationships. Family members can talk, make jokes and exchange feelings on current affairs with each other while preparing a meal. Parents have a chance to communicate with their kids and keep track of what they are thinking and doing; while children can learn to help with some household tasks and develop intimacy(与父母增进感情)with their parents. Image that you and your brothers and sisters help your mother to cook on a weekend, and enjoy the food later on(稍后), and you feel everything is so nice.(这是第一段论述在家吃好处是可以与家人增进感情种.种,以自己为例子显得生动可信)

Another reason is that eating at home can save money. The same amount of money that you spend on a meal in a restaurant can buy a lot more foods from a supermarket. You can use the money saved to buy a new cloth, or attend a concert.(本段是从经济方面来论述在家吃确实可行)

General speaking, eating out side is comfortable and convenient but eating at home has more benefits. I prefer to eat at home.(这篇文章是标准的议论文结构,没有特别华丽的语言,但是结构清晰论述完整,没有语法错误,这也是保分的必要条件)

托福写作致命伤 千万不要犯

1.用词不当

学生们写的作文里或多或少都会有一些用词不当的问题,但是要注意的是一些最最基本的错误是不能犯的。

In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand U.S. dollars as a prize.

——problems应改为questions

2.拼写错误

这里的拼写错误不是指在考试时候的误打,而是本身对词汇拼写记忆的错误。

In conclusion, issue of whether parents are the best teachers is a complex one, requiring subjective judgement, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers.

——judgement应改为judgment

3.乱用大词

First of all, children can earn money from their jobs, although there isn’t too much, but they will keep their salary gingerliness.

这里的gingerliness根本是不知所云。该句子还有以下问题:

1)该作文题目是讲学生是否应该做兼职,因此children的出现就显得很莫名其妙;

2)although和but是不能连用的;

3)指代不明,they不知道是指代前面的什么;

4.表达中式

The second argument-it might have been noticed by others-is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to compare parents to teachers because parents are a kind of people, teachers are a kind of vocation.

句子中划线部分的表达过于中式化。

5.表意重复

They shocked their friends, devastated their families, crushed their best friends.

前面已经提到了朋友,后面又提到朋友。

The show is so compelling but attractive.

compelling和attractive是同义词,所以这里这么写就让人不明白。

6.固定用法错误

To some extends, I agree with the author’s general assertion that if parents also have a comprehensive sense of professional knowledge.

——To some extends应改为To some extent

7.例证夸张

For example, when a doctor faces a patient who has got cancer, the doctor cannot tell the truth, for the truth may cause the patient’s immediate death.

虽然善意的谎言是必要的,但是其功效显然没有这么大。

8.成分多余

According to a comprehensive investigation which is carried out by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences shows that there is an increase in the number of university students who are taking part-time jobs.

该句中的shows that是多余的成分。

9.词性混乱

However, the questions such as “Have you ever regretted marrying your husband” may be very privacy and embarrassingly.

句子中的privacy和embarrassingly应该改成private和embarrassing。

10.文体不正式

All of the players gonna to tell the truth in attempt to win $500,000.

——gonna过于口语化。

In addition, I think people shoudn’t always tell the truth to others.

——在托福作文中尽量不要用缩写,这里应该写should not。

11.两个独立句子间无连词

Another point is that young people are more aggressive and energetic, and it’s suitable for them to choose such jobs, which will provide them with rich experience that is essential for their future success.

这个错误犯的频率相当高,一定要注意。

12.时态错误

托福大作文一般使用现在时态,除了拿过去事件作为例子用过去时态。

Some people claimed that news media has enormous influence and is a detrimental creation.

—— claimed应该改为claim

13.不知所云

They also mention that in modern society there are too much entertainment bothering them as the huge gap lying between them and the success.

这句话完全不知道是什么意思,逻辑混乱,这是中国学生经常犯的错误。

托福写作 重点把握这三类词

第一类 表达具体动作的动词

假设你要参加一次英文面试,在介绍实习经历时,很多同学会说I involved in the project。面试官接下来很可能会追问你具体做了什么事,或者问你在项目中的角色。这就说明,involve这个单词,表达的含义太宽泛,让读者或听者产生了困惑,毕竟无论是助理还是老板,都可以说自己involve,而他们实际做的事情完全不同。

比面试更糟糕的情况是,你在托福写作中也仅仅写了involve,考官却没有机会追问你细节。因此他只能把你的作文判断“not provide enough specific support/development”或者“ideas are difficult to follow”,也就是fair的评分标准。正确的表达方式是,使用表意更确切的动词,例如在市场部门的工作经常包括:drafted proposals,edited brochures,coordinated campaigns(写计划书,编辑手册,协调活动)等等。

再说一个同学们常用,但其实表意有点模糊的单词:improve,比如improve work efficiency.这个表述就没能说出提高效率的具体表现,因为不同的工作有不同的标准,效率的表现也不同。可以试试这样的表述:optimize operations,speed up solutions,trump procrastination(优化操作,加快解决方案,战胜拖延)。

第二类 描绘细节的名词

细节名词,例如一些物品的名称,很多同学认为不常用,所以不会特别背诵。这种想法其实不符合托福写作对细节的偏好。

让我们来对比以下三个句子:

1. 蔬菜有益健康;

2. 蔬菜的营养有益健康;

3. 蔬菜中含有的维生素和矿物质能使人增强免疫力和预防肥胖。

托福考生应该都能看出,第三个句子是最好的,因为它细节最丰富,把蔬菜的好处说得最清楚,而第一个句子是最模糊的。但是在实际写作中,很多同学都止步于第二句,因为对维生素(Vitamins)、矿物质(Minerals)、免疫力(Immunity)和肥胖(Obesity)这几个单词都不够熟悉。

第三类 抽象名词

英语的词性变化很灵活。一些我们常用的名词,加上后缀会构成抽象名词,常用在书面语中,是表意简介准确。

例如consumer是消费者,consumerism是消费主义,在生活方式类题目和教育类题目中都可以使用;还有一些名词,同时拥有具体和抽象的表意,例如heritage既可以表达的遗产,也可以是抽象的”传统“,与tradition含义相近。如果能有意识地使用抽象名词,即使不背诵新单词,也能写出含义更丰富的句子。

将“总统思维”植入托福写作 篇7

并列结构是美国总统演讲中常用的句式手法,这一点在奥巴马总统的演讲中体现得尤为明显,甚至可以称之为一种“总统思维”。如果考生能够学习和“窃取”这种“总统思维”中的精华,将其植入托福独立写作中,那将大大增强托福独立写作的“杀伤力”。下面笔者就来介绍将并列结构运用于托福独立写作的三大好处和两大原则。

运用并列结构的三大好处

并列结构运用于托福独立写作的好处体现在三个方面:拓展内容、增加字数、增强气势。

拓展内容

并列结构需要两个以上的结构并列使用,能够有效拓展写作的内容和视角,更好地帮助考生达到托福独立写作评分标准中对论证内容和细节充分度的要求。

增加字数

并列结构的使用在拓展内容的同时也增加了文章的字数,有助于考生达到托福独立写作评分标准在词汇和句式丰富性方面的要求。

增强气势

在美国总统演讲和很多经典的演说和文章中,能够给人们留下深刻印象的往往是那些并列结构的句子,因为并列结构具备更强的说服力和冲击力。通过在托福独立写作中运用并列结构,考生可以增强文章的说服力和冲击力,更容易取得高分。

运用并列结构的两大原则

了解了运用并列结构的好处,考生还需要知道如何在实际的写作中具体地使用并列结构。并列结构在托福独立写作中的运用有两大原则:①一切皆可“并”;②无处不能“并”。

一切皆可“并”

在托福独立写作中,考生既可以将词或短语并列,也可以将各类从句或主句并列。

词的并列

词的并列是最微观的并列。英语中的四类实词(名词、动词、形容词和副词)都可以并列使用,以增强词汇的丰富性和内容的充实度。

例1:He transformed our lives, reshaped entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: He changed the way each of us sees the world.

这句话出自奥巴马写给乔布斯的悼词,通过transform、reshape和achieve三个谓语动词的并列,多角度体现了乔布斯对这个时代的贡献。

例2:It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of red states and blue states; we are, and always will be, the United States of America.

这句话出自奥巴马2008年在芝加哥发表的胜选演讲,通过大量使用并列的形容词照顾到了美国各类人群,充实了演讲的内容,也增强了气势。

短语的并列

除了词的并列之外,形容词短语、介词短语以及非谓语短语也可以并列使用。

例3:Steve was among the greatest of American innovators—brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.

这句话同样出自奥巴马给乔布斯的悼词,其中brave、bold和talented引导的三个形容词短语并列后置,共同修饰前面的名词innovators,有力地体现了乔布斯的创新精神。

例4:Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

这句话出自林肯著名的葛底斯堡演讲,通过用of、by和for引导的三个并列的介词短语来修饰名词government,精炼而有力地传达了“民有、民治、民享的政府不会从地球上消亡”这一观点。

从句的并列

英语中的从句可以分为三大类:名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(包括时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、条件、方式、比较九大状语从句)。这些从句基本上都可以并列使用,用以丰富句式,拓展内容,增强文章的气势。

例5:If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.

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这是奥巴马2008年胜选演讲中的一句话,三个由who引导的定语从句并列使用,共同修饰名词anyone,增强了演讲气势。

例6:For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more polluted.

这句话出自一篇雅思阅读文章,通过并列的四个同位语从句来解释名词fear,多角度阐述了环保主义者的担忧,充实了文章内容,也增强了说服力。

主句的并列

除了词汇、短语和从句的并列之外,完整的独立主句的并列更能使文章显得内容丰富,有排山倒海之势。

例7:There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. Advances in biotechnology can help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology can allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; advances in genetics can help prevent birth defects; advances in engineering and chemistry can improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges, and vehicles; information technology enables education while communication technology facilitates global participation in the democratic process. In short, health, safety, education, and freedom are the proper final objectives of technology.

这段话出自《GRE官方题库范文精讲》中的一篇范文,文章通过将五个完整的独立主句并列,多角度展示了不同领域的科技能够解决的社会问题,内容充实,具有很强的说服力。

例8:By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike.

这段话出自奥巴马给乔布斯的悼词,三个独立的句子并列,每个句子都使用介词短语前置于主句的结构来写,以排山倒海的气势充分体现了乔布斯对世界的贡献。

无处不能“并”

所谓无处不能“并”,是指并列结构可以运用于托福独立写作的首段、主体段以及结尾段。

并列结构在首段的运用

我们来看2011年9月24日托福考试的独立写作题目:“Do you agree or disagree: Educating children is a more difficult task than before because children spend too much time on cell phones, online games and social websites.”假如考生选定的观点是“手机、在线游戏和社交网站不会使孩子的教育变得更难”,那么在写首段时,考生就可以借鉴上文定语从句的并列结构,对例5的句子进行改写和加工。这样写出的句子顺畅、有力,给人一气呵成的感觉:“If there are people who argue that cell phones affect children’s study, who claim that online games destroy children’s life, who insist that social websites are harmful to children’s development, I will refute these arguments with the following reasons and examples.”

并列结构在主体段的运用

我们来看2013年5月18日托福考试的独立写作题目:“Do you agree or disagree: Government should support scientific research even if the research does not have any practical use.”考生假如不同意题目中的观点,那么在主体段可以选取下面一个理由:政府资金应当优先支持那些能够解决更重要问题的实用的科学研究。在阐述这条理由的主体段中,考生可以将上文例7的句子进行改写,运用并列结构的句子来论证:“There are far more vital concerns that practical scientific research should address with the support of government. Developments in biotechnology can help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology can allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; progress in genetics can help prevent birth defects; breakthroughs in engineering and chemistry can improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges, and vehicles; information technology enables education while communication technology facilitates global participation in the democratic process. In short, government should support practical research rather than impractical research to address more critical problems concerning health, safety, education, and freedom.”这种使用并列结构进行论述的方法可以丰富主体段的内容,增强主体段的论证力度,充分体现实用性科学研究的价值。

并列结构在结尾段的运用

托福独立写作结尾段的主要功能是总结、概括主体段给出的理由,重新强调主旨,使用并列结构可以把主体段的分析很好地整合在一起。如在上文关于孩子教育的写作题目中,考生如果不同意“手机、在线游戏和社交网站会使孩子教育变得更加困难”,那在主体段可以分别从手机、在线游戏和社交网站这三个角度来论证它们能对孩子的教育产生怎样有利的影响。这样在结尾段中,考生就可以改写上文例8的句子来总结全文:“By reading newspapers on cell phones, children can keep abreast of the latest news and information. By playing beneficial online games, children can relax and cultivate a spirit of cooperation. And by making reasonable use of social websites, children can make friends with people from all over the world.”

笔者通过研究美国总统的演讲稿、名人的经典文章以及全国英语演讲比赛中冠军选手的演讲稿,发现一个共同的特点:他们都善于运用并列结构来为演讲和写作增色。当然,托福独立写作是对扣题性、论证、结构和语言的全面考查,仅仅运用并列结构并不能保证考生在写作中拿高分,但是并列结构能够帮助考生在扣题、论证和结构没有出现重大偏差的情况下增加文章的亮点,辅助考生在托福独立写作中取得高分。考生可以尝试改写自己在总统演讲或名家经典中读到的并列句式,将其运用到托福独立写作的首段、主体段或结尾段中,为自己的文章增添一抹亮色。

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