福州市中英对照简介

2024-05-05

福州市中英对照简介(通用4篇)

福州市中英对照简介 篇1

到目前为止,包括和林基地在内,蒙牛乳业集团已经在全国16个省区市建立生产基地20多个,拥有液态奶、酸奶、冰淇淋、奶品、奶酪五大系列400多个品项,产品以其优良的品质覆盖国内市场,并出口到美国、加拿大、蒙古、东南亚及港澳等多个国家和地区

本着“致力于人类健康的牛奶制造服务商”的企业定位,蒙牛乳业集团在短短十年中,创造出了举世瞩目的“蒙牛速度”和“蒙牛奇迹”。从创业初“零”的开始,至2008年底,主营业务收入实现239亿元,年均递增104%,是全国首家收入过200亿元的乳品企业。主要产品的市场占有率超过35%;UHT牛奶销量全球第一,液体奶、冰淇淋和酸奶销量居全国第一;乳制品出口量、出口的国家和地区居全国第一。

据2006年9月国家统计局发布的“中国大企业集团首届竞争力500强”,蒙牛乳业集团位居第11位,名列全国同行业之首;在2006年首届“亚洲品牌500强排行榜”中,蒙牛乳业集团位居亚洲乳制品企业第3位(前两名为日本企业)。另据权威机构公布数据显示,蒙牛乳业集团跻身2009年全国大企业集团500强第241位,2009年全球乳业20强第19位,居全国同行业之首。蒙牛股票被国际著名金融服务公司摩根士丹利评选为至2012年全球50只最优质股票之一。

作为农业产业化国家重点龙头企业,蒙牛乳业集团已在全国各生产基地的周边地区建立奶站共计3000多个,联系奶农达百万户,累计收购鲜奶超过1500万吨,累计为农牧民发放奶款超过400亿元,累计创造产值超过1000亿元,累计缴纳税款超过40亿元,累计创造就业机会超过30万个,被社会形象地誉为我国西部大开发以来“最大的造饭碗企业”。

为了适应蒙牛现代化生产技术的需求和满足高端乳制品生产的需要,蒙牛乳业集团加强奶源建设,积极与现代牧业公司合作,在全国先后建成了11个万头以上现代牧场。目前,来自现代牧场的奶源已经占到了蒙牛总奶源的60%以上。今后,围绕全国重点工厂将以同样的方式组织建设20多个万头以上超大型现代牧场。

十年来,按照“立足自主开发,强化联合作业,培育核心产品,抢占技术高端”的工作思路,蒙牛乳业集团累计投入科研资金上亿元,走出了一条独特的自主创新之路。在国内外申请商标注册430件,申请国家专利847件(其中发明专利166件,实用新型专利14件,外观设计专利667件),先后建成我国第一个乳业生物技术平台,推出极品纯牛奶“奶爵6特乳”和“特仑苏纯牛奶”,突破世界乳业3项技术难题完成了乳品新秀——蒙牛真果粒的研发与上市;合作研制出符合国人体质的LABS益生菌群和高档婴幼儿配方奶粉;创建了国际领先的乳制品研发中心;掌握了具有完全自主知识产权、世界一流的奶牛性别控制技术,性控准确率达93%以上,对我国奶牛品种结构优化升级将起到决定性推动作用。

2006年3月份,蒙牛乳业集团获得“最具创造力的中国企业”称号,这也是我国唯一获此殊荣的食品制造企业。就在当年10月份举行第27届世界乳业大会上,蒙牛乳业集团高端产品“特仑苏”从技术、品牌、品质、工艺等各方面特别是创新性上远远超越了其他竞争对手,最终捧回了“IDF产品开发奖”,实现了中国在世界乳业史上金牌“零的突破”,为我们的国家和民族争了光,为“中国乳都”添了彩。

在企业快速发展的同时,蒙牛乳业集团积极致力于社会公益事业:2003年率先捐款、捐奶1200万元抗击非典;2004年为全国教师捐奶3000多万元;2005年出资1000万元参与呼和浩特市奶牛风险基金的设立; 2006年积极响应温家宝总理号召,率先向全国贫困地区500所小学捐赠牛奶一年,受益小学生达到6万多人,总价值达1.1亿元。2007年,蒙牛乳业集团再度选择500所小学,继续开展免费送奶活动。2008年,率先向遭遇严重雨雪冰冻灾害的南方地区捐助1000万元,向遭受重大地震灾害的四川地区捐赠超过1200万元。十年来,蒙牛乳业集团累计投入各种公益事业资金超过5亿元,原董事长牛根生更是捐出全部个人股份设立“老牛专项基金”,用于开展各类公益事业。此外,蒙牛乳业集团还与中国奶业协会、中国教育发展基金会、国家学生奶办公室、国家公众营养与发展中心、人民日报经济部等7家单位,联合启动了以“每天一斤奶,强壮中国人”为主题的“中国饮奶运动”,并会同国家体育总局训练局、NBA关怀行动、联想、微软、新浪、华润万家、家乐福、利乐中国公司等联合发起了“中国牛奶爱心行动”,为促进国人饮奶观念的树立,提升国人身体素质做着自己的贡献。

与此同时,蒙牛乳业集团积极致力于环境保护和循环经济实践。累计投入环保资金超过4亿元,全部生产性污水处理均达到了国家综合排放一级标准,年总处理污水量达1500多万多吨,年消减化学需氧量约

3.8万多吨,所产生中水也全部得到重复利用。在大型牧场建设中,蒙牛乳业集团引入循环经济理念,通过建设沼气发电项目,有效地解决了奶牛养殖中大量排泄物对环境的污染,不仅取得了良好社会效益和经济效益,也为中国大型牧场建设起到了积极的示范、引导作用。

“建设世界乳都,打造国际品牌”是蒙牛乳业集团始终不渝的奋斗目标。2007年以来,蒙牛乳业集团先后在和林基地建成了国内乃至世界上最先进的智能化工厂和高科技乳品研究院,119项技术创新被成功运用其中;在乳都呼和浩特市隆重举办了内蒙古首届国际乳业节,吸引了国内外各界人士对内蒙古乳业发展的高度关注;与中央电视台联合举办的“赢在中国”节目,为全国的创业者提供了一个展示自我的平台;与中央电视台联合举办的“城市之间”活动,揭起了趣味运动全民健身的热潮„„这些卓越的工作有效地提升了蒙牛品牌的美誉度和世界乳都的影响力。

目前,蒙牛乳业集团正按照确保在2011年跻身“世界乳业15强”的既定目标,为中国乳业的发展,为国人体魄的强健,为内蒙经济的腾飞做着自己不懈的努力。

Founded in 1999 and with headquarter in the core of China Dairy Capital Shengle Economic Zone in Helingeer County of Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy(Group)Co., Ltd.(Mengniu Dairy Group)has a total asset of RMB 8 billion and 30,000 employees, and the production capacity of dairy products reaches 5 million metric tons per year.So far Mengniu Dairy Group has established over 20 production bases including Helin base in 15 provinces of China and owned 5 major series of products which are liquid milk, yogurt, ice cream, dry milk and cheese in which are incorporated over 200 categories.Relying on the supreme quality of its products, Mengniu’s products cover all Chinese market and are exported to overseas market such as America, Canada, Mongolia Republic, Hong Kong, Macao and other Southeast Asian countries.Targeting to the corporate positioning of building a dairy production and service enterprise who commits to the health of mankind, Mengniu Dairy Group has created the miraculous rapid development that draws the worldwide attention in a short period of 9 years.By the end of 2007, the sales revenue had reached RMB 21.3 billion with a CAGR of 121% which made Mengniu the first dairy company that exceeded RMB 20 billion sales revenue in China;the profit and tax payment of Mengniu had reached RMB 1.087 billion and RMB 1.035 billion with the CAGR of 159% and 138% respectively;the market share of main products had surpassed 35%;the sales of UHT milk had ranked No.1 in the world and that of liquid milk, yogurt and ice cream No.1 in China;the export volume and the number of regions exported to also had ranked No.1 in China.According to the statistics of The 1st Annual Competitiveness of Top 500 Large Corporations of China released by National Bureau of Statistics of China in September of 2006, Mengniu ranked 11 among the rivals.The 1st Annual Charts of Top 500 Brands of Asia in 2006 showed that Mengniu ranked No.3 among the dairy enterprises in Asia(the No.1 and No.2 were all Japanese Companies).The latest data from 2008 Top 500 Enterprises of China showed that Mengniu ranked No.225 which was unparallel to Chinese dairy makers.China Mengniu Dairy’s stock was selected by the world famous financial service firm Morgan Stanley as one of Global Top 50 Blue Chip until 2012.As a key national leading enterprise in agricultural industrialization, Mengniu Dairy Group has established more than 3000 milk collection depots at marginal sites around each production base nationwide.Mengniu also has contract relations with 3 million dairy farmer households, and the volume of fresh milk collection and milk payment to the farmers exceeds 13 million metric tons and nearly RMB 30 billion respectively.Now the volume of milk collection has firstly broken through 10,000 metric tons per day among the industry, whom has been vividly honored as the biggest employment creation company since China’s Western Development started.Over 9 years, guided by the principle of independent development, strengthening synergy, developing competitive products and predominating the high technology, Mengniu Dairy Group has invested over RMB 100 million on research and development by which Mengniu could set out on a distinctive road of independent innovation.Mengniu has applied for and been approved 330 brand registrations in and out of China and 615 national patents(including 63 invention patents, 12 utility model patents and 540 product design patents).What’s more, Mengniu has constructed the first dairy bio-technology platform in China;launched two premier brand Milk Supreme and Milk Deluxe;independently developed the world’s first OMP milk which can not only help intake calcium but also maintain it;tackled 3 world-level technical difficulties to create an innovative fruit milk drink Zhenguoli;collaboratively developed LABS probiotics fitted for Chinese and premier infant formula;founded the globally advanced dairy research and development center;mastered the world leading Sex-Control Technology of cows with 93% accuracy and full independent

intellectual rights, which played a decisive role in upgrading the breed structure of dairy cows in China.In March of 2006, Mengniu Dairy Group gained the honorary appellation of The Most Creative Enterprise of China, which made Mengniu the only food product maker to win this glorious title.Relying on the overwhelming advantage in technology, brand, quality and processing compared to competitors, Mengniu’s premier product Milk Deluxe finally won the Award of IDF New Product Development at the 27th Word Dairy Congress held in October of 2006, which realized a breakthrough from zero on international highest award record in China’s dairy history.The breakthrough wins honor for the nation and adds glory to the Dairy Capital of China.While maintaining the rapid development, Mengniu Dairy Group has also been actively devoting himself in public welfare undertakings.In 2003, Mengniu Dairy Group took the lead to donate money and milk to fight against SARS and the total value of which are worth of RMB 12 million;in 2004, Mengniu Dairy Group donated milk worth of RMB 30 million to nationwide teachers;in 2005, Mengniu financed RMB 10 million to jointly fund the Huhhot Dairy Cow Risk Foundation;in 2006, in order to respond to Premier Wen Jiabao’s call, Mengniu Dairy Group took the initiative to donate milk worth of RMB 110 million to pupils from 500 primary schools in poverty-stricken areas for one year, and the total number of benefited students amounts to 60,000;in 2007, Mengniu Dairy Group chose extra more 500 primary schools to launch the donation;in 2008, Mengniu Dairy Group took

the initiative to generously donate RMB 10 million and RMB 12 million to the frozen attacked area in the south and earthquake stricken area in Sichuan Province respectively.Moreover, Mr.Niu Gensheng, the chairman of board of directors, even donated all his personal stock shares to establish Laoniu Foundation which aims at developing various public welfare undertakings.Furthermore, Mengniu Dairy Group led the way to make joint efforts with 7 organizations such as Dairy Association of China, China Education Development Foundation, State Office of School Milk, Public Nutrition Development Center and the Economic Department of People’s Daily to launch The China Milk Action in the theme of 500 Grams of Milk Each Day Helps Strengthen the Nation.Joint with Training Bureau of General Administration of Sport of China, NBA Cares, Lenovo, Microsoft, Sina.com, Vanguard, Carrefour and Tetra Pak China, Mengniu Dairy Group initiated the China Milk Love Action which helps to renew the concept of milk drinking and strengthen the constitution for Chinese people.Meanwhile, Mengniu Dairy Group also actively contributes to the cause of environmental protection and circular economy.The total investment on environmental protection has outstripped RMB 400 million, and all processed sewage from production meets the first grade state effluent standard.The sewage processing capacity reaches 15 million tons per year and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand exceeds 38,000 tons and by which all recycled water is reutilized.The concept of circular economy is introduced to the construction of large scale dairy farms.Methane power generation project effectively resolves the problem of pollution from large amount of manure, which not only achieves social and economic benefits, but also set a positive model and example for the construction of China’s large dairy farms.Constructing the international dairy capital and building a world famous brand is a steadfast pursuance for Mengniu Dairy Group.In 2007, Mengniu Dairy Group built the world’s most advanced intellectualized workshop and high-tech dairy R&D center in Helin production base, and 119 technical innovations were successfully utilized there.In 2007, Inner Mongolia•China the 1st International Dairy Festival sponsored by Mengniu Dairy Group was held in Huhhot, which attracted wide attention from domestic and overseas personages of various circles on dairy industry of Inner Mongolia.In addition, Mengniu Dairy Group jointly held the television program Win in China with CCTV, which provided with pioneers a platform to demonstrate themselves.The TV program Friendship between Cities jointly sponsored by Mengniu and CCTV stirred up nationwide tidal wave of

福州市中英对照简介 篇2

马天尼(白)Martini Bianco, Italy 苦艾酒 Absinth

马天尼(干)Martini Dry, Italy 马天尼(甜)Martini Rosso, Italy

(红)马天尼(甜)Sweet Martini , Italy 飘仙1号 Pimm’s No.1

仙山露(干)Cinzano Dry , France 仙山露(红)Cinzano Rosso, France 仙山露(半干)Cinzano Bianco, France

白兰地 Brandy 干邑 Cognac

亚文邑 Armagnac

马爹利VSOP Martell VSOP

兰带马爹利 Martell Cordon Blue

人头马路易十三 Remy Martin Louis XIII 马爹利XO Martell XO

拿破仑VSOP Courvoisier VSOP, France 拿破仑XO Courvoisier XO, France 苹果白兰地 Calvados

人头马VSOP Remy Martin VSOP 人头马XO Remy Martin XO

人头马俱乐部 Remy Martin Club 人头马特级 Club de Remy 施格兰VO Seagram's VO 轩尼诗VSOP Hennessy VSOP 轩尼诗XO Hennessy XO

轩尼诗百乐廷 Hennessy Paradis 轩尼诗智选 Hennessy Choice

威士忌 Whisky

爱尔兰威士忌 Irish Whiskey 百龄坛 Ballantine's

白马威士忌 White Horse 百笛人 100 Pipers

百龄坛12年 Ballantine's(12 Years)

百龄坛(特级)威士忌 Ballantine's Finest 格兰菲迪10年 Glenfiddich(10 Years)格兰菲迪士 Glenfiddich 格林莫瑞 Glenmorangie 格兰威士忌 Grant's

黑方威士忌 Johnnie Walker Black Label 红方威士忌 Johnnie Walker Red Label 皇冠威士忌 Crown Royal 皇家礼炮 Chivas Royal Salute 杰克丹尼威士忌 Jack's Daniel's

加拿大俱乐部(12年)Canadian Club(12 years)添宝威士忌 Dimple Haig 金铃威士忌 Bells Finest

老伯威威士忌 Old Parr(12 years)龙津 Long John

麦高伦麦威十二年威士忌 Macallan Highland(12 years)顺风威士忌 Cutty Sark

四玫瑰波尔本威士忌 Four Roses Bourbon 苏格兰纯麦威士忌 Scotch Malt Whisky 苏格兰威士忌 Scotch Whisky 野火鸡威士忌 Wild Turkey

威雀威士忌(15年)Famous Grouse(15 Years)芝华士威士忌12年 Chivas Regal(12 Years)芝华士威士忌18年 Chivas Regal(18 years)

金酒 Gin

必发达金酒 Beefeater Gin 哥顿 Gordon's

基比路钻石金 Gibeys Special Dry Gin, London, England 健尼路金 Greenalls Original Dry Gin, London, England

郎姆酒 Rum

百加得朗姆酒 Bacardi Rum 白加得151 Bacardi 151, Jamaica 百加得8号 Bacardi 8, Jamaica

百加得白郎姆酒 Bacardi Light, Jamaica 百加得黑郎姆酒 Bacardi Black, Jamaica 摩根船长(白)Captain Morgan Rum White 哈瓦那郎姆酒7年 Havanan Club(7 years)黑朗姆酒 Dark Rum

摩根船长(黑)Captain Morgan Rum Dark

伏特加 Vodka

波兰祖布兰卡伏特加 Zubrowka-Bison Brand Vodka, Poland 丹麦伏特加 Danzka Vodka, Denmark

丹麦伏特加(葡萄味)Danzka Currant Vodka, Denmark 红牌伏特加 Stolichnaya Vodka 绿牌伏特加 Moskovskaya Vodka

芬兰伏特加(青柠味)Finlandia Lime Vodka, Finland 芬兰伏特加 Finlandia Vodka, Finland

芬兰红加仑子 Finlandia Cranberry Vodka, Finland 芬兰酸蔓伏特加 Finlandia Cranberry 荷兰伏特加 Ketel One Vodka, Holland 皇冠伏特加 Smirnoff Vodka 瑞典伏特加 Absolut

瑞典伏特加(橙味)Absolut Mandarin Vodka, Sweden 瑞典伏特加(柠檬味)Absolut Citron Vodka, Sweden 瑞典伏特加(葡萄味)Absolut Kurrant Vodka, Sweden 瑞典香草伏特加 Absolut Vanilia Vodka, Sweden

龙舌兰 Tequila

龙舌兰烈酒 Tequila Sauza 豪师快活白 Jose Cuervo White 豪师快活金 Jose Cuervo Gold

雷博司金色龙舌兰 Pepe Lopez Premiun Gold, Mexico

墨西哥Sauza金色龙舌兰 Sauza Extra Tequila Gold, Mexico 墨西哥Sauza银色龙舌兰 Sauza Tequila Blanco, Mexico

利口酒 Liqueurs

百利甜酒 Baileys Irish Cream 薄荷酒 Crème de Menthe(Green)安定宝 Underberg

白薄荷 Crème de Menthe(White)白可可酒 Crème de Cacao(White)潘诺(茴香酒)Pernod 橙皮甜酒 Triple Sec

草莓力娇 Crème de Strawberry 蛋黄白兰地 Advocaat 芳津杏仁 Amaretto

甘露咖啡力娇酒 Kahlua 加利安奴(香草利口酒)Galliamo 金万利 Grand Marnier 君度甜酒 Cointreau 添万力 Tia Maria

可可甜酒 Crème de Cacao 蓝橙 Blue Curacao 葫芦尊薄荷蜜 Get 27 玛利布椰子甜酒 Malibu 森布卡茴香酒 Sambuca 樱桃白兰地 Cherry Brandy 樱桃酒 Kirschwasser 樱桃力娇 Maraschino 樱桃甜酒 Cherry Heering

班尼的天(当酒)Benedictine(D.O.M)

清酒 Sake 日本清酒 Sake

啤酒 Beer

爱尔兰啤酒 Guinness 百威 Budweiser 朝日 Asahi

高仕 Grolsch, Holland 嘉士伯 Carlsberg 科罗娜 Corona

鸡尾酒 Cocktails and Mixed-drinks 亚美利加娜 Americano

白兰地亚历山大 Brandy Alexander

波斯猫爪 Pussy Foot(O J P J,Lemon Juice,Grenadine)

皇室咖啡 Coffee Royal

草莓玛格丽特 Strawberry Margarita

长岛冰茶 Long Island Iced Tea(Vodka,Gin,Rum,Tequila,Cointreau,Coke)

得其利 Daiquiri

龙舌兰日出 Tequila Sunrise 干马天尼 Dry Martini

古典鸡尾酒 Old Fashioned 黑俄罗斯 Black Russian 红粉佳人 Pink Lady

轰炸机 B-52(Baileys Kahlua,Cointreau)金飞士 Gin Fizz

金汤力 Gin and Tonic 螺丝刀 Screwdriver 罗布罗伊 Rob Roy 曼哈顿 Manhattan 美态 Mai Tai

汤姆考林斯 Tom Collins 天使之吻 Angel's Kiss 威士忌酸 Whisky Sour

夏日宾治 Summer Punch(OJPJ,Lemon Juice,Grenadine Mint's)血玛丽 Bloody Mary(Vodka,Tomato Juice)新加坡司令 Singapore Sling 锈钉 Rusty Nail

种植园者宾治 Planter's Punch

餐酒 Table Wine

酒园

阿维尼翁-迈克尔.夏菩提尔酒园 M.Chapoutier ”La Bernardine”Chateauneuf-Du Pape 埃玛娜精选-马西酒园 Masi Amarone DOC

艾文思伍德仙粉黛 Ravenswood Zinfandel Vintner's Blend

奥比兹莎当妮-弗莱斯克巴尔迪酒园 Frescobaldi Slbizzia Chardonnay IGT 艾格尼酒园—瓦尔波利 Allegrini Valpolicella Classico DOC 艾立嘉 Erdinger

艾文泰德酒园-萨利博瑞莎当妮 Evans and Tate Salsbury Semillon/Chardonnay 艾文泰德酒园-萨利博瑞莎瑞斯/苏维翁 Evans and Tate Salsbury Shiraz/Cabernet 艾文泰德酒园—莎瑞斯 Evans and Tate Gnagara Shiraz 班瑞克酒园—莎瑞斯 Banrock Station Shiraz 班瑞克-梅洛 Banrock Station Merlot 半干雪利 Dry Sack

贝灵哲酒园—史东酒窖莎当妮 Beringer Stone Cellars Chardonnay 贝萨诺芭贝尔 Bersano Piemonte Barbera DOC 贝萨诺酒园—保罗 Bersano Barolo DOCG

贝萨诺酒园—蔻狄丝 Bersano Piemonte Cortese DOC

奔富酒园 —洛神山庄谢蜜雍/莎当妮 Penfolds Rawson's Retreat Semillon Chardonnay 奔富酒园—蔻兰山色莎当妮 Penfolds Koonunga Hill Chardonnay 钵酒 Port

布郎兄弟酒园—梅洛 Brown Brothers Merlot

白诗南-柯林茨酒园 Kleine Zalze Chenin Blanc Bush Vines 宝力白-约瑟.杜华酒园 Josefh Drouhin Pouilly A.O.C.宝米诺白 Frescobaldi Pomino Bianco Pomino D.O.C.宝森添百利波尔多白苏维翁白葡萄酒(意大利,托斯卡纳)Blason Timberlay Bordeaux Sauvignon Blanc(Tuscany, Italy)贝灵哲葡萄庄园,武士谷苏维翁 Beringer, Kningts Valley Cabernet Sauvignon

博艮地红葡萄酒(博艮地,法国)Beaune ler Cru Claude Chonion, Beaune(Burgundy, France)草叶钵 Taylor's Ruby Port

丹泽特皮诺格力得-麓鹊酒园 Luce Danzante Pinot Grigio IGT 杜驰苏维翁 Vini Della Duchea Cabernet 杜驰梅洛 Vini Della Duchea Merlot

杜驰皮诺 Vini Della Duchea Pinot Grigio 杜哈米雍 Chateau Duhart-Milon

波尔多红葡萄酒(波尔多,法国)Chapelle de la Trinite St Emilion AOC(Bordeaux, France)迪宝夫酒园—梅洛 Georges Duboeuf Merlot 斗牛士 La Corrida Cabernet Sauvignon

福霖-马西酒园 Masi Camofiorin Ripasso DOC

福米博丝特(加州,美国)Fume Blanc Robert Mondavi, Napa Valley(California, USA)富美白-罗伯特.蒙大菲酒园 Robert Mondavi Fume Blanc 菲斯奈特黑牌汽酒 Freixenet Cordon Negro 干些厘酒 Tio Pepe Dry

歌堡白玫瑰葡萄汽酒(法国,图南)Opera Blanc de Blanc Brut NV(Tournan, France)格鲁斯AOC(法国)Gewurztraminer AOC Trimbach, Alsace 格威(意大利)Gavi, DOCG Michele Chiarlo, Piedmont, Italy 格乌兹莱妮-婷芭克世家 Gewurztraminer,Trimbach

古佳乐世家(罗纳山麓,法国)E.Guigal Cotes du Rhone AOC, Rhone Valley, France 汉高汽酒 Henkell Trocken 红宝石钵酒 Taylors, Portugal

皇室旗舰波尔多红 Berry's Good Ordinary Claret,AC Bordeaux 皇室智利加本力苏维翁 Berry's Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon 皇族莎当妮 Barossa Valley Estate Spires Chardonnay

黄牌加本力颂维德--禾富酒园 Yellow Label,Cabernet Sauvignon,Wolf Blass 禾富酒园—黄牌苏维翁 Wolf Blass Yellow Label Cabernet Sauvignon 禾富酒园—雷司令 Wolf Blass South Australia Riesling

吉奥康尔多蒙丝娜-弗莱斯克巴尔迪酒园 Frescobaldi CastelGiocondo,Brunello Di Montalcino DOCG

佳美娜-埃德华兹酒园 Luis Felipe Edwards Carmenere 佳威-贝萨诺酒园 Bersano Gavi DOCG 嘉欢钵酒 Fine Ruby Port

嘉欢舍利(些厘)Cream Sherry

精选波拉红 Rothshild Pauillac Reserve Speciale A O C

精选梅多克-罗斯希尔酒园 Rothshild Medoc Reserve Speciale A O C

骏马牌猎人谷莎当妮 Cockfighter Ghost Hunter Valley Unwooded Chardonnay 骏马牌珍藏苏维翁红 Cockfighter Ghost Reserve Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon 杰卡斯酒园—西拉加本纳 Jacob's Creek Shiraz Cabernet

卡本妮 苏维翁(迈朴山谷,智利)Cabernet Sauvignon Conchay Toro ”Casillero del Diablo” Chile

卡莎拉博丝特(千百,智利)Sauvignon Blanc Casa Lapostolle, Chile 卡斯特罗(意大利)Rosso di Montalcino Castello Banfi, Tuscany, Italy 凯歌皇牌凯歌香槟 Veuve Chicquot Yellou Label

考维酒园精选白干 Calvet Reserbe Bordeaux Bianc A O C 考维酒园精选博伦干红 Calvet Reserbe Des Barons Rouge

拉佛瑞黑皮诺-约瑟.杜华 Joseph Drouhin Laforet Bourgogne Pinot Noir 里奥哈梦迪娅-马奎斯.卡西洛酒园 Marques de Caceres Rioja Vendimia 卢比刚-美蕾酒园 Meerlust Rubicon

罗纳谷红-迈克尔.夏菩提尔酒园 M.Chapoutier”Belleruche”Coles Du Rhone 利达民酒园—精选设拉子/卡本妮 Lindemanns Premier Selection Shiraz/Cabernet 鲁芬诺酒园—都盖基尼蒂经典 Ruffino Chianti Classico Reserva

路易亚都世家酒园—勃根蒂黑皮诺 Louis Jadot Bourgogne Rouge Piont Noir 罗伯特蒙大菲酒园—木桥莎当妮 Robert Mondavi Woodbridge Chardonnay

罗伯特蒙大菲酒园—木桥苏维翁 Robert Mondavi Woodbridge Cabernet Sauvignon 马孔顿白-约瑟.杜华酒园 Josefh Drouhin Macon Villages Blanc A O C

玛格丽特河苏维翁/梅洛-艾文泰德酒园 Evans and Tate Margaret River Cabernet/Merlot 玛瑞伯格特级色拉子 Marienberg Reserve Shiraz 梅罗特-泥屋酒园 Mud House Merlot

梅洛干红(奔富,澳大利亚)Merlot Penfolds ”Rawson's Retreat”

蒙奈特(博艮地,法国)Puligny Montrachet Bouchard Pere et Fils, Burgundy, France 酩悦玫瑰香槟 Moet Et Chandon Rose Brut Imperial 酩悦香槟 Moet Et Chandon Brut Imperial

木桥苏维翁-罗伯特.蒙大菲酒园 Robert Mondavi Woodbrige Cabernet Sauvignon 牧歌白-牧歌酒园 Muga”fermentado en barrica”White 马西酒园—威尼斯红 Masi Modello

麦克尔夏菩提尔酒园—罗纳古红 M.Chapoutier ”Belleruche” Cotes du Rhone 木马酒园—红带香槟 Mumm Cordon Rouge Brut

楠格拉莎当妮-艾文泰德酒园 Evans and Tate Gnangara Unwooded Chardonnay 诺顿酒园—梅洛 Norton Merlot

菩裴拉苏维翁 Edwards Pupilla Cabernet Sauvignon

萨拉莫世家酒园—苏维翁 Sella Mosca Cabernet Sauvignon

萨拉莫世家酒园—富门弟子干白莎当尼 Sella Mosca Vermentino Chardonnay 双洋酒园—苏维翁/梅洛 Two Oceans Cabernet/Merlot

苏维翁白,欧克地区 Flower Label Georges du Boeuf Sauvignon Blanc

赛美蓉—夏多内(哈迪,澳大利亚)Chardonnay Semilion Hardy's South Eastern, Australia 赛奇驰安稠-赛奇酒园 Cecchi Chianti DOCG

赛奇莫瑞里诺-赛奇酒园 ”La Mora”Morellino Di Scansano DOC 瑟美戎白颂维德-禾富酒园 Wolf Blass,Semillon Suvignon Blanc 森特(波尔多,法国)Saint-Estephe Maitre d'Estournel Blanc AOC Second wine Cos d'Estournel(Bordeaux, France)

沙都拉菲 Chateau Lafite

莎当妮(长城白葡萄酒,中国)Chardonnay Great Wall, China 莎当妮-埃德华兹酒园 Luis Felipe Edwards Chardonnay 莎当妮-班瑞克酒园 Banrock Station Chardonnay 莎莲娜莎当妮 Salena Chardonnay 莎莲娜莎瑞斯 Salena Shiraz 莎瑞斯--班瑞克酒园 Banrock Station Shiraz

莎瑞斯-柯林茨酒园 Kleine Zalze Shiraz(barrel aged)莎瑞斯发泡葡萄酒 Banrock Station Sparkling Shiraz 圣地精选苏维翁 Caliterra Reserva Cabernet Sauvignon 圣地梅洛 Caliterra Merlot

圣地苏维翁布朗克 Caliterra Sauviggnon Blanc 圣塞尔 Blanc Pascal Jolivet Sancerre

私家精选苏维翁-罗伯特.蒙大菲酒园 Robert Mondavi Private Selection Cabernet Sauvignon 颂维德布朗克-柯林茨酒园 Kleine Zalze Saubignon Blanc

泰亭哲酒园—泰亭哲香槟 Taittinger Brut Reserve Champagane NV 台阶典藏苏维翁 Terrazas Reserva Cabernet Sauvignon 台阶精选马尔贝 Terrazas Alto Malbec

台阶精选莎当妮白酒 Terrazas Alto Chardonnay 瓦波利切拉精选-马西酒园 Masi Valpolicella DOC 瓦尔多汽酒 Valdo Prosecco Marca Oro

维拉红葡萄酒(美国)Pinot Nior Domaine Drouhin, Oregon Central Valley 维娜蒙特梅洛 Vina Monte Verde Merlot

维塞罗极品波尔多红 Chateau Vrai Caillou Sauvignon

夏布利-约瑟.杜华酒园 Josefh Drouhin Chablis Domaine de Vaudon 香槟王 Cuvee Dom Perignon 1996 Epernay

努依村-约瑟.杜华 Joseph Drouhin Cote De Nuits Villages A O C 新西兰奥特纳苏维翁白 Aotena Sauvignon Blanc, Nelson, NZ

葡萄酒等级

法国:

A.O.C:法定产区葡萄酒

V.D.Q.S:优良产区葡萄酒

V.D.P:地区餐酒

V.D.T:日常餐酒

德国:

1.Tafelwein:日常餐酒;

2.Landwein:地区餐酒;

3.Qualitaetswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete:简称QbA,优质葡萄酒;

4.Qualitaetswein mit Praedikat:简称QmP,特别优质酒。

QmP级别内根据葡萄不同的成熟度,还可以细分为6个等级:

1.Kabinett:珍藏

2.Spatlese:晚收

3.Auslese:精选

4.Beeren auslese:简称BA,颗粒精选

5.Trocken beeren auslese:简称TBA,用深度贵腐的葡萄酿成,葡萄大概要失去95%的水分,酿成的酒也最甜。TBA等级的葡萄酒有的时候就如同蜂蜜那么浓稠,由于产量很少所以价格通常很高。

6.Eiswein:冰酒,是用冰冻的葡萄酿造的酒。葡萄分类

Vitaceae:葡萄科

Vine:葡萄树

American Vine:美洲种葡萄

Franco-american:欧美杂交种

Hybrid:杂交品种

Wild Grape(Vine):野生葡萄

Cultivar:栽培品种

Wine Grape:酿酒葡萄

红葡萄品种:

Cabernet Sauvignon(France):赤霞珠

Cabernet Franc(France):品丽珠

Cabernet Gernischt(France):蛇龙珠

Carignan:佳利酿

Sinsaut(France):神索

Gamay(France):佳美

Grenache(Spain):歌海娜

Merlot(France):梅鹿辄

Petit Verdot(France):味尔多

Pinot Noir(France):黑比诺

Ruby Cabernet(America):宝石解百纳

Sangiovese(Italy):桑娇维塞

Syrah(France):西拉

Zinfandel(America):增芳德

Muscat Hamburg:玫瑰香

Saperavi(Former Soviet Union):晚红蜜 白葡萄品种:

Aligote(France):阿里高特

Chardonney(France):霞多丽

Chenin Blanc(France):白诗南

Traminer(Germany):琼瑶浆

Italian Riesling:贵人香

Grey Risling:灰雷司令

White Riesling(Germany):白雷司令

Muller-Thurgau(germany):米勒

Muscat Blanc:白麝香

Pinot Blanc(France:)白品乐

Sauvignon Blanc(France):长相思

Selillon(France):赛美蓉

Silvaner(Germany):西万尼

Ugni Blanc(France):白玉霓

Folle Blanche(France):白福尔

Colombard(France):鸽笼白

Long Yan(China,Changcheng):龙眼

Rkatsiteli(Former Soviet Union):白羽

Table Grape:鲜食葡萄

Seedless Grape:无核(籽)葡萄

Grape(Vine)Variety:葡萄品种 染色品种:

Alicante Bouschet(France):紫北塞

Yan 73(China,Changyu):烟73

Yan 74(China,Changyu):烟74

法国葡萄酒庄园

拉菲庄园Chateau Lafite Rothschild

产地:法国波尔多美度普尔勒(PAUILLAC)

级别:1855年及1973年评级 “一级庄园” 表面积:247英亩

葡萄品种:70%赤霞珠,25%梅洛,3%佛朗,2%小伟度。平均葡萄树齡:45年

种植密度:每公顷7500株平均产量:每公顷4800公顷 年产量:210,000瓶

窖藏:16至20个月在全新橡木桶内。灌瓶前经澄清过程,无过滤,成长期为30至50年。

拉菲是波尔多红酒当中最出从的,早在1855年的评级表中,拉菲已经排名第一。当年的排名是以该葡萄的售价、酒质及知名度为标准的。拉菲的特性是平衡、柔顺(陈年酒),入口有浓烈的橡木味道。有些热爱雪茄的朋友认为,拉菲入口带有夏湾拿雪茄盒的独有香味,十分特别。20世纪90年代拉菲庄园的前景更为广阔。世纪在无声中完成交替,窖陈放的美酒孕育着美好的承诺。1995、1996、1998、1999、与2000年份的酒是二十世纪最后十年的至美之作,将随时间洗练而放射出耀眼星光。这一理智的乐观主义所依持的正是近一百五十的来拉菲庄园对杰出品质的不懈追求。拉图庄园Chateau Latour 产地:法国波尔多普尔勒(PAUILLAC)级别:1855年及1973年评级“一级庄园” 表面积:160.5英亩

葡萄品种:75%赤霞珠,20%梅洛,4%佛朗,1%小伟度平均树龄:40年

种植密度:每公顷10000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷4500公升 年产量:175,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶17个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,没有过滤,成熟期20-50年。

因为庄园中有一个历史悠的塔,拉图庄园即以“塔”命名,法文中的Latour意指“塔”。在不少酷爱波尔多葡萄酒的酒客心目中,拉图庄园酒是“葡萄酒中的王者”。拉图庄园酒的风格雄浑刚劲、余味悠长,有一部分原本喜欢饮用烈酒的酒客,因为健康的原因转而饮用酒精度较低的葡萄酒,拉图成为他们最佳的选择。正如一位著名的英国品酒家所言:若说拉菲是男高音,那拉图便是男低音;若拉菲是一首抒情诗,拉图则为一篇史诗;若拉菲是一曲婉约的轮旋舞,那拉图必是人声鼎沸的。拉图庄园葡萄酒最大的特点是其质量的致性(consistency),也就是说无论是好年不审劣年,拉图的品质都能维持。武当鲁齐庄园Chateau Mouton Rothschild 产地:法国波尔多普尔勒(PAUILLAC)级别: 1973年评级(第一级庄园)表面积:192.7英亩

葡萄品种: 77%赤霞珠,11%梅洛,10%佛朗,2%小伟度平均树龄:45年

种植密度:每公顷8500株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷4000-5000公升 年产量: 300,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶19-22个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,没有过滤,成熟期为15-20年。武当鲁齐庄园与拉菲庄园同属于罗富齐家族所有,武当(Mouton)法文原意是指“羊”,这是因为庄园所在地以前是最适合放羊的山坡,所以称之为“羊庄)。武当鲁齐庄园直至1973年才破格升为一级庄园,其拥有者极有生意头脑,武当正酒每年都会邀请一位世界著名的艺术家,为其设计当年的酒标,由于酒标极具艺术性,所以不论酒本身好坏,瓶子已经具有收藏价值。特别是1973年的酒瓶,当年邀请的是著名画家毕加索,而这一年也是武当鲁齐庄园晋升为一级庄园的年份,因此具有特别的收藏价值。武当酒的几格比较另类,风格介于拉菲和拉图之间,特别是它的酒香十分独特,带有浓烈的莫加咖啡香味,喜欢咖啡有朋友会特别钟爱。

玛高庄园Chateau Margaux 产地:波尔多玛高区(MARGAUX)级别:1855年评级(第一级庄园)表面积:192.70英亩

葡萄品种:75%赤霞珠,20%梅洛,5%佛朗及小伟度平均树龄:35年

种植密度:每公顷10000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷4500公升 年产量:200,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶18-24个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,无过滤,成熟期为15-35年。玛高同时是美度地区其中一个产区的名称,能够用产区的名称命名庄园,说明这个庄园在此地区极具代表性,其酒质也有过人之处。玛高庄园酒据说在法国是国宴指定用酒,国家主席***在访问法国时,所参观的波尔多酒庄就是玛高庄园。玛高庄园酒的特性是有复杂的香味,如果碰上上佳年份,还会有紫罗兰的花香。成熟的玛高酒酒质比较柔顺、平和、具有阴柔之美和女性化倾向,因此如果说拉图庄园酒是酒中之王,那么玛高庄园就是酒中之后了。它的最大特点是混合了两种极端的特色柔顺有丰富果味和强劲且回味悠长的完美结合。因此它有“丝绒拳套里的铁拳“(Lron fist under velvet glove)之称,也就是说表面上很柔和,实质上很强硬。

奥比康庄园 Chateau Haut Brion 产地:法国波尔多格拉芙(GRAVES)(贝沙克·雷奥良)(PESSAC-LEOGNAN)级别:1855年评级“一级庄园” 表面积:160.7英亩

葡萄品种:45%赤霞珠,37%梅洛,18%佛朗平均树龄:36年

种植密度:每公顷8000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷3500-4500公升 年产量: 132,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶22个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,无过滤,成熟期为15-40年。

奥比康庄园坐落于距离波尔多市中心不远的格拉夫(Gr**es)产酒区,虽然它不在美度区内,但在1855年进入了美度区的排名中。奥比康庄园也是当年的排名中唯**属于美度区的酒庄。当年的主办机构认为如果不把奥比康庄园选列其中的话,仿佛若有所失,可见其在十九世纪市场中的代表性。奥比康庄园酒的特性是带有格拉夫产区特有的泥土才矿物气息,口感浓烈而复杂。它除了红葡萄酒知名外,所出产的白葡萄酒也是波尔多公认的最好白葡萄酒之一。奥比康庄园酒可以早饮用而不觉得太涩。如果收藏一段时间,它的复杂性与潜能就会发挥出来,令人觉得它是绝佳的好酒,所以有人说它是“美女酒“,气质逼人、越陈越美。它的酒香非常复杂,同时具有烟味、焦味、黑莓和轻微的松露香。白马庄园Chateau Cheval Blanc 产地:波尔多圣达美利安(SAINT-EMILION)级别:一等特级庄园(A)表面积:91.40英亩

葡萄品种:58%佛朗,42%梅洛平均树龄:45年

种植密度:每公顷8000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷3500公升 年产量: 100,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶18个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,无过滤,成熟期为10至30年。白马庄园直到1852年才定名,Cheval的法文意义指马匹,Blanc则是指白色,关于它的名字与一个传说有关。它虽然位于圣达美利安区,但由于靠近庞玛洛区,与庞玛洛著名庄园拉旺庄园(Chateau L’Evangile)及盖世龙庄园(Chateau Conseillante)只有一条小路分隔,风土及为相似,因此被人喻为“庞玛洛区葡萄酒“。白马庄园与一般著名庄园主要采用赤霞珠的情况不同,它选取的是有”赤霞珠的乡下穷亲戚“之称的佛朗。由于园中种植佛朗葡萄非常成功,白马庄园还获得了“佛朗之王”(King of Cabernet Franc)称号。以佛朗酸制出来的葡萄酒,结构得到加强,但却要花费比较长的时间才能发挥酒的潜质。其酒的特色是香味澎湃,无论是年轻时或以陈年后饮用都别有一番风味。奥信庄园Chateau Ausone 产地:波尔多圣达美利安(SAINT-EMILION)级别:一等特级庄园(A)表面积:17.30英亩

葡萄品种:50%佛朗,50%梅洛平均树龄:50-55年

种植密度:每公顷6000-7000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷3500公升 年产量:200,000-230,000瓶

窖藏:储存在橡木桶19-23个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,没有过滤,成熟期为10至100年(由1994年开始)奥信庄园在圣达美利安区内与白马庄园同属于一等特级(A),而它是产量奇少又较少人认识的酒庄。新任庄园主购回其他人的股份后,大幅度革新酒庄,包括推出副牌酒,以及将一些不合规格、不适合用来酿酒的葡萄卖给其他酒商,以配制其他低级餐酒。因此,近年奥信庄园的产量极少,只在2000箱以下,价格也极高。奥信庄园酒的特色是耐藏,由于单宁比较重,酒要陈放一段长时间才适合饮用,其寿命动辄三十年或以上。其酒质丰厚而带有咖啡木桶香味,十分有大酒的风范。这个名字可以追溯到1781年,是为了纪念罗马诗人奥信(D.M.Ausonius 310-394)。现在虽然无法证实当年奥信老先生就在奥信庄园所在地种植葡萄及饮酒赋诗,但由于这位嗜酒诗人的关系奥信庄园酒又被称为“诗人之酒”。柏翠庄园Chateau Petrus 产地:法国波尔多庞玛洛 级别:庞玛洛产区并无评级

表面积:28.20英亩葡萄品种:95%梅洛,5%佛朗平均树龄:35年

种植密度:每公顷6500株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷3600公升 年产量:25000至30000瓶

窖藏:20个月储存在全新橡木桶内灌瓶前经澄清过程,没有过滤,成熟期为20-40年。柏翠庄园是庞玛洛地区的代表,也是波尔多地区数一数二的顶级品牌。柏翠庄园酒用几乎百分之百的梅洛葡萄酿造,通常以梅洛酿制的葡萄酒适合早饮而不耐藏;但柏翠的地理位置非常优越,其土壤蕴含大量的矿物质,从而使柏翠酒拥有梅洛的特性,同时它也具有了赤霞珠的而藏性。虽然庞玛洛区并没有排名,但柏翠庄园在许多酒客的心目中,是皇者中的皇者。对于一般葡萄酒来说年份对酒质有很大影响,但柏翠庄园酒却是例外。最差年份的柏翠甚至与好年份的拉菲可以相提并论。柏翠是酒体丰满干红葡萄酒,果味浓郁,富有爆炸性及丰富的烤橡木和持续不断的果实余韵。里鹏Le Pin 产地:法国波尔多庞玛洛(POMEROL)级别:庞玛洛产区并无评级

表面积:5英亩葡萄种类:92%梅洛,8%佛朗平均树龄:28年

种植密度:每公顷6000株葡萄树平均产量:每公顷3400公升 年产量:7000瓶

窖藏:储存在全新橡木桶内15至18个月灌瓶前经澄清过程,没有过滤,成熟期10至30年视乎年份。

中英文对照 篇3

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大,对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间,以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线,已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性,因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时,喷油量必须精确计算,燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型,预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分: ①低压部分,包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统,包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块,如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器),这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油,这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中,燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1)压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低,还是燃油喷射量的多少,油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式,高压泵的设计可以小的多,而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低,这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵,在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取,但是在一些应用中,它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量,以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时,压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量,降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时,流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式,它通过计算单元对压力进行控制,并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制,因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3)燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下,燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比,因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4)液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比,将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来,有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴,将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放,也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的,以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5)控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括:

① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步,电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀,废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短,采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据,对照发动机状态(时间控制),角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外,EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制,和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样,它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗,或提供附加的可靠性和便利性,具体例子有:

① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口,所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接,因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制),其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

励志英语(中英对照) 篇4

Good luck is when an opportunity comes along and you’re prepared for it.努力过,失败过,没关系。屡战屡败,屡败屡战,每一次失败都比上一次更好。Ever tried, ever failed.No matter, try again, fail again.Fail better.对于现状的不满,不能只是抱怨,要有勇气做出改变。

If you are not satisfied with the live you living, don’t just complain, do something about it.靠过去完成的无法让人保有成功,必须在路上持续交出成绩。

A fellow doesn’t last long on what he has done, he’s got to keep on delivering as he goes on.别低估了慷慨的力量。

Generosity is its own form of power.成功无法保证,并非唾手可得。成功必须靠自己去争取。

Success is not guaranteed.It is not handed to you, Success is earned.如果你独处时感到寂寞,说明没有把自己陪好。

If you’re lonely when you are alone, you’re in bad company。

父亲最大的梦想就是孩子的生活是充满欢乐的。

A father’s greatest dream is that his child’s life is filled with joy。

你的从内心深处找到一种可以忍受一切痛苦的坚强力量时,你的成长历程就会出现飞跃。The turning point in the process of growing up is when you discover the core of strength within you that survives all hurt。

伟大的门将不是靠神奇的扑救成就的,而是靠注重小事和细节。

It’s not about making the amazing saves.It’s the little things and small things that made great gatekeepers great.不要等待好事降临,你要向幸福进发。

Don’t wait for good things to happen to you.You need walk towards happiness.有时候要到达谷底,才会慢慢变好。

Sometimes things have to fall apart to make way for better things.我会回去,找到你,爱你,娶你,活的光明正大。

I will return, find you, love you, marry you and live without shame.热爱生活,生活也会厚爱你。

If you love life, life will love you back.你是什么样的人和你想成为什么样的人的差距就是你做了什么。

The difference between who you are and who you want to be is what you do.你需要尽你所能,最大限度的努力,只要你这么做,只要你能保持乐观,你就会看见乌云背后的幸福线。

You have to do everything you can, you have to work your hardest.And if you do, if you stay positive, then you have a shot at a silver lining.请记住,幸福不在于你是谁或者你拥有什么,而仅仅取决于你的心态。

Remember, happiness doesn’t depend upon who you are or what you have, it depends solely upon what you think.无论未来何去何从,我们在一起的每一年都是我人生中最辉煌的日子,我永远属于你。No matter what happen to us in the future, every day we are together is the greatest day of my life, I will always be yours.生活变得美好,不是偶然,而是我们努力改变的结果。

Life gets better not by chance, but by change.人生不如意之事十之八九。

Sometimes things just don’t work out the way you thought they would.追寻自己,追求挑战、希望、爱情、愤怒、感恩,追寻光阴,追寻黑暗、追寻一切,不留恋过往。

Claim yourself in defiance, in hope、in love、in fury、in gratitude、claim the light ,claim the dark ,claim it all ,nothing can stay。

当我们下定决心面对世界上所有的事物,包括荆棘难题,就已经打赢了半场战役。

We win the battle when we make up our minds to take the world as we find it, including the thorns.从今天开始,我要积极地接受一切,接受爱,迎接挑战,拥抱生活;不管什么我都会勇敢地接受。

From now on , I am gonna say yes to love, yes to adventure, yes to life, whatever it maybe, the answer’s going to be yes.正真地友情是,即使两个人不说话,也觉得很舒服。

True friendship comes when the silence between two people is comfortable.生活就是這樣,你一直想要得到的東西,總在你不指望的那一刻姍姍來遲。

It is the rule of life that everything you have always wanted comes the very second you stop looking for it.有理想,却不愿为之努力,那是空想。

There’s no point having wishes if you don’t at least try to do them.上天会把你带走,看着你,对你说,只有一件事可以让灵魂完整,那就是爱。

Heave will take you back and look at you and say ,“only one thing can make a soul complete-and that thing is love”.目标有价值,生活才有价值。

Life has a value only when it has something valuable as its object.最美好的事是看到某人的微笑;更美好的事是她因你而微笑。

The most beautiful thing is to see a person smiling.And even more beautiful is, knowing that you are the reason behind it.生活中要记住三个单词:选择、机会和改变。你必须做出选择,抓住机会,否则你的生活只会一成不变。

The 3’cs of life:choice, chance and change, you must make a choice to take a chance or your life will nerve change.世间万物都处在微妙的平衡中。

Everything you see exists together in delicate balance.生活就像淋浴,方向转错,水深火热。

Life is like a shower, one wrong turn and you’re in hot water.Love and sense are enemies at any age.在任何年龄,爱与理性都是对立的。

Doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment.这一刻全力以赴,下一刻便可抢占先机。

Opportunities are not offered, they must be wrested and worked for.And this calls for perseverance and courage.有时候,最难的并非是放下过去,而是学会重行开始。

Sometimes the hardest part is not letting go, but rather, learning to start over.要走得快,就一个人走;要走的远,就一起走。

If you want to go fast, go alone;If you want to go far, go together.一见钟情只是瞬息之间,而对爱大彻大悟却需要很多年。

It takes no time to fall in love, but it takes you years to know what love is.上天就像导演电影那样安排我们的人生,中间的起起伏伏,为的只是做好的完美收场。God’s plan is like a movie.All the good and bad things are arranged together for the good ending.沉湎于虚幻的梦想而忘记现实的生活是毫无益处的。

It does not do to dwell on dreams and forgot to live.(dwell :居住于、存在于)

得意时,朋友识我。失意时,我识朋友。

In prosperity our friends know us.In adversity we know our friends.(adversity:逆境、不幸、灾难)

迈向任何地方的第一步,就是下决心不在原地踏步。

The first step towards getting somewhere is to decide that you are not going to stay where you are.每段故事都有一个结局,但是在人的一生中,每个终点同时也是一个新的起点。Everything has an end.But in life, every ending is just a new beginning.生活不是发现你自己,而是创造你自己。

Life is not find yourself, life is creating yourself.不去尝试,就什么也不可能。

Anything unattempted remains impossible.有时候,幸福只需转变一下自己的态度。

Sometimes happiness is just a matter of attitude adjustment.不必变得强壮,而是让内心强大。

It’s not always necessary to be strong, but to feel strong.如果你等的船没有向你驶来,那你就朝它游过去吧。

If your ship doesn’t come in, swim out to it.每天醒来都要变得比昨天更强大,只是恐惧,擦干泪水。

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