专业英语中英文翻译

专业英语中英文翻译（共8篇）

专业英语中英文翻译 篇1

土建高层结构与钢结构（中英文翻译）

近年来，尽管一般的建筑结构设计取得了很大的进步，但是取得显著成绩的还要属超高层建筑结构设计。

最初的高层建筑设计是从钢结构的设计开始的。钢筋混凝土和受力外包钢筒系统运用起来是比较经济的系统，被有效地运用于大批的民用建筑和商业建筑中。50层到100层的建筑被定义为超高层建筑。而这种建筑在美国得广泛的应用是由于新的结构系统的发展和创新。

这样的高度需要增大柱和梁的尺寸，这样以来可以使建筑物更加坚固以至于在允许的限度范围内承受风荷载而不产生弯曲和倾斜。过分的倾斜会导致建筑的隔离构件、顶棚以及其他建筑细部产生循环破坏。除此之外，过大的摇动也会使建筑的使用者们因感觉到这样的的晃动而产生不舒服的感觉。无论是钢筋混凝土结构系统还是钢结构系统都充分利用了整个建筑的刚度潜力，因此不能指望利用多余的刚度来限制侧向位移。

在钢结构系统设计中，经济预算是根据每平方英寸地板面积上的钢材的数量确定的。图示1中的曲线A显示了常规框架的平均单位的重量随着楼层数的增加而增加的情况。而曲线B显示则显示的是在框架被保护而不受任何侧向荷载的情况下的钢材的平均重量。上界和下界之间的区域显示的是传统梁柱框架的造价随高度而变化的情况。而结构工程师改进结构系统的目的就是减少这部分造价。

钢结构中的体系：钢结构的高层建筑的发展是几种结构体系创新的结果。这些创新的结构已经被广泛地应用于办公大楼和公寓建筑中。

刚性带式桁架的框架结构：为了联系框架结构的外柱和内部带式桁架，可以在建筑物的中间和顶部设置刚性带式桁架。1974年在米望基建造的威斯康森银行大楼就是一个很好的例子。

框架筒结构： 如果所有的构件都用某种方式互相联系在一起，整个建筑就像是从地面发射出的一个空心筒体或是一个刚性盒子一样。这个时候此高层建筑的整个结构抵抗风荷载的所有强度和刚度将达到最大的效率。这种特殊的结构体系首次被芝加哥的43层钢筋混凝土的德威特红棕色的公寓大楼所采用。但是这种结构体系的的所有应用中最引人注目的还要属在纽约建造的100层的双筒结构的世界贸易中心大厦。

斜撑桁架筒体： 建筑物的外柱可以彼此独立的间隔布置，也可以借助于通过梁柱中心线的交叉的斜撑构件联系在一起，形成一个共同工作的筒体结构。这种高度的结构体系首次被芝加哥的John Hancock 中心大厦采用。这项工程所耗用的刚才量与传统的四十层

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）43 高楼的用钢量相当。

筒体： 随着对更高层建筑的要求不断地增大。筒体结构和斜撑桁架筒体被设计成捆束状以形成更大的筒体来保持建筑物的高效能。芝加哥的110层的Sears Roebuck 总部大楼有9个筒体，从基础开始分成三个部分。这些独立筒体中的终端处在不同高度的建筑体中，这充分体现出了这种新式结构观念的建筑风格自由化的潜能。这座建筑物1450英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的大厦。

薄壳筒体系统：这种筒体结构系统的设计是为了增强超高层建筑抵抗侧力的能力（风荷载和地震荷载）以及建筑的抗侧移能力。薄壳筒体是筒体系统的又一大飞跃。薄壳筒体的进步是利用高层建筑的正面（墙体和板）作为与筒体共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得不用设柱，成本较低，使用面积与建筑面积之比又大的室内空间。

由于薄壳立面的贡献，整个框架筒的构件无需过大的质量。这样以来使得结构既轻巧又经济。所有的典型柱和窗下墙托梁都是轧制型材，最大程度上减小了组合构件的使用和耗费。托梁周围的厚度也可适当的减小。而可能占据宝贵空间的墙上镦梁的尺寸也可以最大程度地得到控制。这种结构体系已被建造在匹兹堡洲的One Mellon银行中心所运用。

钢筋混凝土中的各体系：虽然钢结构的高层建筑起步比较早，但是钢筋混凝土的高层建筑的发展非常快，无论在办公大楼还是公寓住宅方面都成为刚结构体系的有力竞争对手。

框架筒：像上面所提到的，框架筒构思首次被43层的迪威斯公寓大楼所采用。在这座大楼中，外柱的柱距为5.5英尺（1.68米）。而内柱则需要支撑8英寸厚的无梁板。

筒中筒结构：另一种针对于办公大楼的钢筋混凝土体系把传统的剪力墙结构与外框架筒相结合。该体系由柱距很小的外框架与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙筒组成。这种筒中筒结构（如插图2）使得当前世界上最高的轻质混凝土大楼（在休斯顿建造的独壳购物中心大厦）的整体造价只与35层的传统剪力墙结构相当。

钢结构与混凝土结构的联合体系也有所发展。Skidmore ,Owings 和Merrill共同设计的混合体系就是一个好例子。在此体系中，外部的混凝土框架筒包围着内部的钢框架，从而结合了钢筋混凝土体系与钢结构体系各自的优点。在新奥尔良建造的52层的独壳广场大厦就是运用了这种体系。

钢结构是指在建筑物结构中钢材起着主导作用的结构，是一个很宽泛的概念。大部分的钢结构都包括建筑设计，工程技术、工艺。通常还包括以主梁、次梁、杆件，板等形

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）44 式存在的钢的热轧加工工艺。上个世纪七十年代，除了对其他材料的需求在增长，钢结构仍然保持着对于来自美国、英国、日本、西德、法国等国家的钢材厂钢材的大量需求。

发展历史：早在Bessemer和Siemens-Marton(开放式炉)工艺出现以前，钢结构就已经有几十年的历史了。而直到此工艺问世之后才使得钢材可以大批生产出来供结构所用。对钢结构诸多问题的研究开始于铁结构的使用，当时很著名的研究对象是1977年在英国建造的横跨斯沃河的Coalbrook dale 大桥。这座大桥以及后来的铁桥设计再加上蒸汽锅炉、铁船身的设计都刺激了建筑安装设计以及连接工艺的发展。铁结构对材料的需求量较小是优胜于砖石结构的主要方面。长久以来一直用木材制作的三角桁架也换成铁制的了。承受由直接荷载产生的重力作用的受压构件常用铸铁制造，而承受由悬挂荷载产生的推力作用的受拉构件常用熟铁制造。

1851年英国的Joseph Paxtond为伦敦博览会建造了水晶宫。据说当时他已有这样的骨架结构构思：用比较细的铁梁作为玻璃幕墙的骨架。此建筑的风荷载抵抗力是由对角拉杆所提供的。在金属结构的发展历史中，有两个标志性事件：首先是从木桥发展而来的格构梁由木制转化为铁制；其次是锻铁制的受拉构件与铸铁制的受压构件受热后通过铆钉连接工艺的发展。

十九世纪五六十年代，Bessemer 与 Siemens-Martin工艺的发展使钢材的生产能满足结构的需求。钢的受拉强度与受压强度都好于铁。这种新型的金属常被有想象力的工程师所利用，尤其倍受那些参与过英国、欧洲以及美国的道桥建设的工程师的喜爱。

其中一个很好的例子就是Eads大桥（也被称为路易斯洲大桥）（1867-1874）。在这座大桥中，每隔500英尺（152.5米）设有由钢管加强肋形成的拱。英国的Firth of Forth悬索桥设有管件支撑，直径大约为12英尺（3.66米），长度为350英尺（107）米。这些大桥以及其他结构在引导钢结构的发展，规范的实施，许用应力的设计方面起到了很重要的作用。1907年Quebec悬索大桥的偶然破坏揭露了二十世纪初期由于缺乏足够的理论知识，甚至是缺乏足够的理论研究的基础知识，而导致在应力分析方面出现了很多的不足。但是，这样的损坏却很少出现在金属骨架的办公大楼中。因为尽管在缺乏缜密的分析的情况下，这些建筑也表现出了很高的实用性。在上个世纪中叶，没有经过任何特殊合金强化、硬化过的普通碳素钢已经被广泛地使用了。

在1889年巴黎召开的世界博览会上，金属结构表现出了在超高层建筑运用上的内在潜力。在这次会上，法国著名的桥梁设计师埃非尔展示了他的杰作-300米高的露天开挖的铁塔。无论是它的高度（比著名的金字塔的两倍还高），架设的速度-人数不多的工作人员

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）45 仅用几个月的时间就完成了整个工程任务，还是很低的工程造价都使它脱颖而出。

首批摩天大厦：在刚结构发展的同时，美国的另一个是也蓬勃的发展起来了。1884-1885年，芝加哥的工程师Maj.William Le Baron Jennny设计了家庭保险公司大厦。这座大厦也是金属结构的，有十层高。大厦的梁是钢制的，而柱是铸铁所制。铸铁制的过梁支撑着窗洞口上方的砌体，同时也需要铸铁制的柱支撑着。实心砌体的天井与界墙提供抵抗风载的侧向支撑。不到十年的功夫，芝加哥和纽约已经有超过30座办公大楼是利用这种结构。钢材在这些结构中起了非常大的作用。这种结构利用铆钉把梁与柱连接在一起。有时为了抵抗风荷载还是在竖向构件和横向构件的连接点出贴覆上节点板来加固结构。此外，轻型的玻璃幕墙结构代替了老式的重质砌体结构。

尽管几十年来之中建筑形式主要是在美国发展的，但是它却影响着全世界钢材工业的发展。十九世纪的最后几年，基本结构形状工字型钢的厚度已经达到20英寸（0.508米），非对称的Z字型钢和T型钢可以与有一定宽度和厚度的板相联结，使得构件具体符合要求的尺寸和强度。1885年最重的型钢通过热轧生产出来，每英寸不到100磅（45千克）。到二十世纪六十年代这个数字已经达到每英寸700磅（320千克）。

紧随着钢结构的发展，1988年第一部电梯问世了。安全载客电梯诞生，以及安全经济的钢结构设计方法的发展促使建筑高度迅猛增加。1902年在纽约建造的高286英寸（87.2米）的Flatiron大厦不断地被后来的建筑所超越。这些建筑分别是高375英尺（115米）的时代大厦（1904），（后来改名为联合化工制品大厦）。1908年在华尔街建造的高468英尺（143米）的城市投资公司大厦，高612 英尺（187米）的星尔大厦，以及700英尺（214米）的都市塔和780英尺高（232米）的Woll worth大厦。

房屋高度与高宽比的不断增加也带来了许多的问题。为了控制道路的阻塞，要对建筑的缩进设计进行限定。侧向支撑的设置也是其中一项技术问题，例如，埃非尔铁塔所采用的对角支撑体系对于要靠太阳光来照明的办公大厦就不实用了。而只有考虑到具体的单独梁与单独柱的抗弯能力以及梁柱相交处的刚度的框架设计才是可靠的。随着现代内部采光体系的不断发展，抵抗风荷载的对角支撑又重新被利用起来了。芝加哥的John Hancock 中心就是一个很显著的例子。外部的对角支撑成为此结构立面的一个很显眼的部分。

第一次世界大战暂时中断了所谓摩天大厦（当时这个词并没有确定）的蓬勃发展，但是二十世纪二十年代又恢复了这一趋势。1931年建造的帝国大厦把词潮流推向了顶峰。102层高1250英尺（381米）的帝国大厦在后来的40年一直保持着世界最高的地位。它的建造速度充分证明了这种新的结构形式已经被当时的技术所掌握。次项工程所需要的梁

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）46 是由Bayonne海湾对岸的军械库所提供的。是由用精密仪器控制的驳船和卡车负责运输的。由九架起重机将这些梁提升到指定的位置。由工业轨道装置把钢材和其他材料移到每一层上去。先是螺栓连接紧接着铆钉连接，最后是装修，整个工程的最终完成只用了一年零45天。

十九世纪末，利用焊接把各个钢零件相连接已取得了很好的成绩，并在第一次世界大战中被运用于救生船的修理。但直到第二次世界大战后才用于建筑结构中。同时在连接领域中又一进步就是高强螺栓代替了铆钉。

二战结束后，欧洲，美国，日本等国都扩大了对在不定应力（包括超过屈服点的情况）作用下各种结构钢的性质的研究，并进行了更为精确、系统的分析。此后，许多国家采用了一些更为自由灵活的设计规范和更为理想化的弹性设计规范。计算机在工程上的运用代替了冗长的手工计算，从而更加促进了钢结构的发展，并大大的减低了造价。

Talling building and Steel construction Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general.Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.Reinforced

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）47 concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions,ceilings.and other architectural details.In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such motion.Structural systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories.Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads.The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame.Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel.Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations.The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.Frame with rigid belt trusses.In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used.A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974)in Milwaukee.Framed tube.The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground.This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago.The

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）48 most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York Column-diagonal truss tube.The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams.This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.Bundled tube.With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency.The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows.Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept.The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building.Stressed-skin tube system.The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces(wind and earthquake)and the control of drift(lateral building movement)in high-rise building.The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further.The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive.All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members.The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized.The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh.Systems in concrete.While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）49 Framed tube.As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building.In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5ft(1.68m)centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick(20-m)flat-plate concrete slabs.Tube in tube.Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube.The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.The system(Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest(714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building(the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston)for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems.The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role.Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process.Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S, U.K, U.S.S.R, Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s.Early history.The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin(openj-hearth)processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use.Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777.This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning.The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required.The truss form, based

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）50 on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression members-i.e, those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension members-i.e, those bearing the pull of suspended loading.The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled;and in 1849 the first I beams, 17.7 feet(5.4m)long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851.He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure.Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods.Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction;first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton;and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot.In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York.In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails.The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose.Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the U.S.A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St.Louis Bridge, in St.Louis(1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft(152.5m).In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge(1883-90)employed tubular struts, some 12 ft(3.66m)in diameter and 350 ft(107m)long.Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses.The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）51 century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907,revealed.But failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques.Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used.The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of 1889.for which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m(984 ft)high.Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months.The first skyscrapers.Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place.In 1884-85 Maj.William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton.Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron.Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns.Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading.Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York.Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members.Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the old heavy masonry.Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide.By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in.(0.508m)in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength.In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds(45 kilograms)per foot;decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds(320 kilograms)per foot.Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric

沈阳建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）52 elevator in 1889.The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring.In New York the 286-ft(87.2-m)Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft(115-m)Times Building(renamed the Allied Chemical Building), the 468-ft(143-m)City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft(187-m)Singer Building(1908), the 700-ft(214-m)Metropolitan Tower(1909)and, in 1913, the 780-ft(232-m)Woolworth Building.The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems.To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed.On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied.A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination.The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns.With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned;one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade.World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers(the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931.The Empire State’s 102 stories(1,250ft.[381m])were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years.Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered.A depot across the bay at Bayonne, N.J., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision;nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position;an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor.Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing.The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days.The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance.Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to

专业英语中英文翻译 篇2

The English word“hyperbole”comes from Greek word“hyperbole”, which means a throwing beyond, or excess[1].Longman Modern English Dictionary defines it as a figure of speech which gently exaggerates the truth.It is a figure of speech which deliberately exaggerates the truth to achieve particular rhetorical effects[2].Geoffrey N.Leech[3]defines it as“a case where the speakers’description is stronger than what is warranted by the state of affairs described.”Hyperbole uses rich imagination to exaggerate or narrow certain aspects of the things and express the strong feelings towards people or things.In so doing, it creates the effect of humor and irony in certain contexts.

2 Pragmatic Characteristics of Hyperbole

2.1 Exaggeration in description

Hyperbole is strikingly characterized by exaggeration.From the perspective of pragmatics, hyperbole evidently violates Quality Maxim, which requires that the speakers should not say what they believe to be false or say that for which they lack adequate evidence.When speakers deliberately go against a criterion it may produce“conversational implicature”, which reflects the speakers’communicative purpose[4].According to this view, although hyperbole violates the cooperative principle, it can produce conversational implicature easily.In communication the listeners also know that the speakers disobey some principles intentionally to produce implied meaning.The listeners have the ability to judge the implied meaning behind all sorts of rhetoric from the speakers according to the specific context and their mastery of common sense and cognition of the language.

2.2 Truth in essence

Although hyperbole violates Quality Maxim, it does not cause communication barriers.The listeners can deduce the speakers’implicit meaning from listening.The use of hyperbole can make communication meaningful.Hyperbole is exaggerated on the surface but based on facts in essence.So it is not against the authenticity of principle.The Quality Maxim requires that people shouldn’t say false words that they think they are false.If not exaggerated, it seems not true to the listeners.No matter how exaggerated, it is absolutely true because it is truth in essence.So exaggeration does not violate Quality Maxim in essence, but ensures the conversation going on.

3 Pragmatic Functions of Hyperbole

3.1 Express strong feelings

Hyperbole is always deliberately used to exaggerate things to express the speaker’s subjective feelings, thus it enhances the expressive power and effect, causing resonance between the speakers and the listeners.

Example 1:I loved Ophelia:Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. (William Shakespeare:Hamlet)

Wang Zuoliang[5]says, “Hyperbole is frequently used to express the intense love in love poems.”In example 1, Hamlet expresses the hot love out of his heart even though he says the false words.

3.2 Deepen and highlight impression

Hyperbole can help us obtain a distinctly deep impression of the truth, so we can know the nature and features of things more directly and more clearly.

Example 2:yet for you, I would be treble twenty times myself, a thousand times more fair, ten thousand times more rich, that only to stand high in your account, I might in virtues, beauties, livings, friends, exceed account. (William Shakespeare:The Merchant of Venice)

In Example 2, hyperbole deepens the impression of Portia’s intense love towards Basanio.

3.3 Create humor and irony

Hyperbole is a very effective means of rhetoric.In certain contexts, it can achieve the effect of humor or irony.

Example 3:Those three works conveyed the one idea of Mr.Dombay’s life.The earth was made for Dombay and Son to trade in and the sun and moon were made to give them light.Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships;rainbows gave them promise of fair weather;winds blew for or against their enterprises;stars and plants circled in their orbits to preserve inviolate a system of which they were the center. (Charles Dickens:Dombay and Son)

In Example 3, the author uses exaggeration in description to satirize the ugly face of bourgeois.

3.4 Produce rich imagination

By creating unusual effect of language through description beyond ten millions times in reality, hyperbole can produce rich and lively imagination to affect the readers[6].

Example 4:Mr.Crisp...fell in love with Miss Sharp, being shot dead by a glance of her eyes, which was fired all the way across. (William M Thackeray:Vanity Fair)

In Example 4, the author describes that a glance from Miss Sharp can shot Mr.Crisp dead.It is obviously an exaggeration that vividly portrays the characteristics of Miss Sharp and causes resonance in the readers.

4 Translation Methods of Hyperbole

4.1 Literal translation

English hyperbole and Chinese hyperbole are very similar in expression, for they all exaggerate the truth deliberately on the basis of objective reality to strengthen the expressive power.Therefore, we can generally adopt literal translation to recreate the original rhetoric effect.

Example 5:They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions (David:Lament for Saul and Jonathan) .

他们比苍蝇还敏捷, 他们比雄狮还强壮。

In example 5, we choose literal translation to reproduce the style and try to retain the exaggerated original flavor of the original.

4.2 Free translation

Chinese and English are influenced by their respective historical and cultural traditions which restrict the expressive ways of hyperbole.When it is difficult for people to understand and appreciate the original text by literal translation, we can consider free translation, which can guarantee that the text gets equivalent effect with the original article and make the translation correct, smooth, fluent and easy to understand.

Example 6:It was very dangerous.The nurse went into the room and shut the door I sat outside the hall.Everything was gone inside of me. (Hemingway:A Farewell to Arms)

真是很危险, 护士走进房间关上了门, 我坐在厅外, 心里万念俱灰。

In Example 6, the translator translates“Every thing was gone inside of me”into“心里万念俱灰”, which is appropriate and vivid.

4.3 Virtual translation

The purpose of using hyperbole is not to express something according to literal meaning completely.Therefore in order to make the translation prudent, sometimes we should adopt the method of virtual translation to express the real meaning when we meet hyperbole using the number[7].

Example 7:Mary’s two sons are different in their personalities in a thousand and one ways.

玛丽两个儿子的性格有天壤之别。

In this example, the expression“a thousand and one ways”is to emphasize the differences of the Mary’s two sons’characters.It should not be translated literally, but be translated into“有天壤之别”by virtual translation.In this way the translation will accord with Chinese exaggerated pragmatic form and also retain the hyperbole effect of the original sentence.

5 Conclusion

The study of English hyperbole from pragmatic perspective is challenging, for pragmatics is of great explanative power not only for the mechanism of hyperbole but also for its translation.In this paper, some pragmatic principles and approaches such as the Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice and the Quality Maxim are adopted to analyze English hyperbole.Through the analysis of English hyperbole from the perspective of pragmatics, we know something about its pragmatic characteristics, pragmatic functions, as well as some translation methods of English hyperbole according to the different pragmatic contexts between English and Chinese.The field of pragmatic study of English hyperbole is explored further and wider.With the study of pragmatics developed, more new pragmatic theories and approaches are expected to support future study of English hyperbole. (下转第179页)

摘要：夸张是英语中常用的一种修辞方式, 为了达到强调或滑稽效果有意言过其实。该文旨在从语用角度详细介绍英语语用特点和语用功能, 并且探讨在英汉语言语用差异下对英语夸张翻译所采用的技巧。

关键词：夸张,语用特点,语用功能,翻译

参考文献

[1]陈望道.修辞学发凡[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1997:128.

[2]李鑫华.英语修辞格详论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000:131-135.

[3]Leech.Geoffrey N.Principles of Pragmatics[M].London:Longman Group Limited, 1983:145-149.

[4]何兆雄.新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002:153-165.

[5]王佐良.英语文体学引论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1987:85-86.

[6]钟馥兰.英语夸张的语用分析与翻[J].华东交通大学学报, 2004, 21 (3) :151-154.

专业英语中英文翻译 篇3

关键词：思维方式英语翻译线型思维

思维方式是每一个人在说话、办事、思考问题时表现出來的不同的思考方向和模式。思维方式是受许许多多的因素影响而形式的，是一但形成便很难改变的东西。在世界范围内，一个国家和民族的思维方式是有共性的，而不同的国家和民族的思维方式有很大的差异。中西方因其历史发展、宗教信仰、以及生活环境等等的不同，造成其思维方式的差异很大，而这种差异表现在国际交往和社会生活中的方方面面，对英语翻译也产生了很大的影响。在翻译工作中，必须处理好因为思维方式的不同带来的翻译困难，否则会产生许多不必要的误会和麻烦。

首先，就是我们最熟悉最了解的，中国人习惯从大到小，从概括到具体，从整体到部分的思维方式；而英语国家的人却与中国人相反，他们正习惯从小到，从部分到整体，从具体到概括的思维方式。这种思维方式的差异在语言上的表现是十分明显的，所以翻译中也需要注意。就例如，当中国人说2012年1月1日的时候，你翻译成英语千万不能按这个顺序直接翻译，必须要颠倒顺序。再例如外国人在表达一个地方时往往是从小到大说的，先说是哪条街几号，再说是什么区，再说州或什么城市，再说国家。而翻译成中文时我们必须把它按从大到小的顺序排列，依次写出来。

其次，在英语国家的人思维方式当中，他们如果想表达自己和他人时通常都是先他人后自己，而中国人却常常是先自己后他人。这种差异也是我们最常见的一种，学习英语时也是都了解到了的。这个差异最经典的例子就是歌曲《我和你》，中国人是很自然的说出我和你的，但是英语国家的人说的是《YOUANDME》在奥运会开幕式的时候我们都听见了歌词中唱出的“我和你”与“youandme”。他们在平时的表达中也是一样的，都是先他人而后自己的。

再次，在中西方思维方式的研究中常常提到的“线型思维”和“螺旋型思维”。有人将“直线型思维”称为“线型思维”，认为具有这种思维方式的文化是讲话人沿着某一固定线路直截了当的表达信息，听话人也顺着这一思路去理解。而中国人的思维方式被普遍认为是螺旋型思维的代表，这种思维方式最主要的表现是表达某一意思时往往拐弯抹角，不直接说清楚，让听话人自己去品评和理解。但是，这种表达方式在中国人的文化中往往是表达委婉的象征，在某种意义上一个人有涵养的表现。而如果，直接了当的说，就有不礼貌、不尊重的嫌疑。在文学创作中这一思维方式的表现也是十分明显的，一般中国人的作品都是在文中留下许多线索，让读者直接感悟慢慢品味。作品的结尾一般也不直接说什么呼吁等，一般都是写一些委婉而深刻的语言，给读者留下思考的余地。但英语国家的文学作品常常是比较直接的表达方式，开篇直接见题。所以，鉴于这些差异，我们在英语翻译中，要非常注重这些变化，要恰当处理好这些问题，并不是一件易事。

最后，中英思维方式的差异对英语翻译的影响不止这几点，思维方式有许许多多的不同，表现在方方面面。因此，英语翻译中需要注意的也就不止这几点，我们要在不断的发展比较和实践中总结经验，不断提高差异影响意识，不断提高翻译的能力，尽量做到地道而准确。

参考文献

大学专业英文翻译 篇4

土木工程：Civil Engineering

流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering

制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment 电气工程 Electrical Engineering

电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation 高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives

电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology 物理电子学 Physical Electronics 电路与系统 Circuits and Systems

微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems 信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing 控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering

控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering

检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 系统工程 Systems Engineering

模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control 计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology 计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory 计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization 计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology 建筑学 Architecture

建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory 建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory

城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)

建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science 土木工程 Civil Engineering

岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 结构工程 Structural Engineering 市政工程 Municipal Engineering

供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering

防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering

桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering

水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources 水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics 水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering

水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering

港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping

大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering 摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering 化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology 化学工程 Chemical Engineering 化学工艺 Chemical Technology 生物化工 Biochemical Engineering 应用化学 Applied Chemistry 工业催化 Industrial Catalysis

地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering 矿业工程 Mineral Engineering 采矿工程 Mining Engineering

矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering

安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering 石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering 油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering

油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering

油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering 纺织工程 Textile Engineering

纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design

纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering

轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering 制糖工程 Sugar Engineering

发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering

皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering

交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering 道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering

交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management 载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering

船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure

轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering

水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering

航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design

航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering 航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle 人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering 兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology

武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology

火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering 军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology

核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering 核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications

辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection 农业工程 Agricultural Engineering

农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering

农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation 林业工程 Forestry Engineering 森林工程 Forest Engineering

木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology

林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products 环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering 环境科学 Environmental Science 环境工程 Environmental Engineering 生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering

食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering 食品科学 Food Science

粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products 农学 Agriculture 作物学 Crop Science

作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System 作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding 园艺学 Horticulture 果树学 Pomology 蔬菜学 Olericulture 茶学 Tea Science

农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学 Soil Science

植物营养学 Plant Nutrition 植物保护学 Plant Protection 植物病理学 Plant Pathology

农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学 Pesticide Science 畜牧学 Animal Science

动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science

动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science 草业科学 Practaculture Science

特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals(including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine

基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine

预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine 临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine 林学 Forestry

林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding 森林培育学 Silviculture

森林保护学 Forest Protection 森林经理学 Forest Management

野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture

水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 水产学 Fisheries Science

水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science 捕捞学 Fishing Science

渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources 医学 Medicine

基础医学 Basic Medicine

人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology

病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms

病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology 法医学 Forensic Medicine 放射医学 Radiation Medicine

航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine 临床医学 Clinical Medicine

内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine(including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)

儿科学 Pediatrics 老年医学 Geriatrics 神经病学 Neurology

精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health 皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology 影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine 临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 护理学 Nursing

外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery(General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology 眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty 耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology 肿瘤学 Oncology

康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine 麻醉学 Anesthesiology

急诊医学 Emergency Medicine 口腔医学 Stomatology

口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology 口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology

公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics

劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene

儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology

军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine 中医学 Chinese Medicine

中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine

仪器科学与光电工程学院 School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronic Engineering

1、测控技术与仪器 Measurement & Control Technology and Instrument

2、光信息科学与技术 Optic Information Science & Technology

机械与汽车工程学院 School of Machinery and Automobile Engineering

3、车辆工程 Vehicles Engineering

4、工业工程 Industrial Engineering

5、工业设计 Industry Design

6、过程装备与控制工程 Process Equipment & Control Engineering

7、机械设计制造及其自动化 Machine Design & Manufacture & Its Automation

8、交通工程 Transportation Engineering

9、热能与动力工程 Thermal Energy & Power Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Material Science and Engineering

10、金属材料工程 Metal Materials Engineering

11、材料物理 Materials Physics

12、无机非金属材料工程 Inorganic Non-metallic Materials Engineering

13、材料成型及控制工程 Material Forming & Control Engineering

电气与自动化工程学院 School of Electric Engineering and Automation

14、电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and Automation

15、生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering

16、自动化 Automation

计算机与信息学院 School of Computer and Information

17、计算机科学与技术 Computer Science & Technology

18、电子信息工程 Electronic Information Engineering

19、电子信息科学与技术 Electronic Information Science & Technology 20、通信工程 Communications Engineering

21、信息安全Information Security

化学工程学院 School of Chemical Engineering

22、高分子材料与工程 Macromolecule Material and Engineering

23、化学工程与工艺 Chemical Engineering and Technics

24、制药工程 Pharmacy Engineering

25、应用化学 Applied Chemistry

土木建筑工程学院 School of Civil Engineering

26、给排水工程 Water Supply & Drainage Engineering

27、工程力学 Engineering Mechanics

28、水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering

29、土木工程 Civil Engineering 30、建筑环境与设备工程 Architectural Environment & Equipment Engineering 建筑与艺术学院 School of Architecture and Arts

31、城市规划 Urban Planning

32、建筑学 Architecture

33、艺术设计 Artistic Design

资源与环境学院 School of Resources and Environment

34、地理信息系统 Geographic Information System

35、环境工程 Environment Engineering

36、勘查技术与工程 Exploration Technology & Engineering

37、资源勘查工程 Resources Exploration Engineering

理学院 School of Sciences

38、电子科学与技术 Electronic Science & Technology

39、数学与应用数学 Applied Mathematics 40、微电子学 Microelectronics

41、信息与计算科学 Science of Information & Computation

42、应用物理学 Applied Physics

管理学院 School of Management

43、电子商务 Electronic Commerce

44、会计学 Accounting

45、工商管理 Business Management

46、劳动与社会保障 Labour and Social Security

47、信息管理与信息系统 Information Management & System

48、旅游管理 Tourism Management

49、市场营销 Marketing

人文经济学院 School of Humanities and Economics

50、财政学 Finance

51、广告学 Advertisement

52、国际经济与贸易 International Economy & Trade

53、经济学 Economics

54、思想政治教育 Education in Ideology and Politics

55、英语 English

56、法学 Law

57、社会工作 Social Work

生物与食品工程学院 School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering

58、生物工程 Bioengineering

高一英语作文我爱音乐中英文翻译 篇5

I have to say that music really has a strong attractiveness to me. Naturally, everyone can choose suitable music to listen to. However, when you find a kind of music which can bring happiness to you, you will be surprised and become excited. Music has a magical energy, and it can help people gain good mood in a great extent.

When you feel sad, you can have a try to listen to soothing music. At first, soothing music will let you calm down. You will find that you will play much attention to the music, and then your sadness can be decreased. You will enter music ocean. You can experience a baptism of your heart. It does not matter that when you listen to soothing music and you want to cry, you should just follow yourself feeling to have a thorough release. Music will give you enough encourage to overcome difficulties.

Music also can double your happiness and arouse the fighting. For instance, when you solve some very difficult situations and gain success eventually, you will have a great mood. At this time, exciting music will witness your success. You will feel satisfied. Music lets you remember the glorious moment and cherish your success. Music can give you unlimited motivation to achieve goals，because you still want to listen to glorious music.

In addition, music includes a lot of useful knowledge. People can learn precious knowledge from music. Because there is different music, we can find out that different nations have different music thoughts to express. And from music, we can listen to music culture. Music culture will givee you a deeper understanding to learn foreign culture, such as foreign language, foreign history and foreign traditional customs and so on. In a word, music has an important effect on promoting society development.

Music indeed has a magical power to help people and society develop. I believe that music will still continue to bring us many surprises. As the development of society, great music will become more important.

我想说的是音乐对我真的有一股强大的吸引力。很自然，每个人都能选择适合自己的音乐去聆听。然而，当你发现一种能够带给你巨大幸福的音乐时，你将会很惊讶很激动。音乐有一种神奇的力量，在很大程度上，音乐能够帮助人们获得好心情。

当你感到悲伤时，你可以尝试听一下舒缓的音乐。首先，舒缓的音乐可以让你平静下来，你会发现你将会把注意力转移到音乐上，这样你的悲伤就会减少了。你进入 了音乐的海洋。你也经历了一次心灵的洗礼。当你听舒缓音乐时忍不住想要哭时，不要有任何顾虑，就跟着你的感觉走，让自己有一个完全的释放。音乐会给你足够 的勇气来战胜困难的。

音乐当然也可以让你的快乐加倍并且激发你的`斗志。例如，当你解决了许许多多的困难并且最终成功时，你就会有一个好心情。这时，振奋人心的音乐会见证你的成 功。你会感到满足，音乐会让你记得这个光荣的时刻并且让你珍惜你的成功。音乐给了你无限的动力取得成功，因为你依旧想要听到光荣的音乐再次响起。

此外，音乐还囊括了许许多多有用的知识。人们可以从音乐中学到珍贵的知识。由于存在着很多不同的音乐，我们可以发现不同的的国家所表达音乐思想不同。从音 乐中，我们可以聆听到音乐文化。音乐文化将会给你一个更深的理解力去学习外国文化，例如外语，外国历史，外国传统习俗等。总而言之，音乐对促进社会发展有 着重要的影响。

英语翻译英文简历 篇6

personal information

name: gender: male

date of birth: 1983/08/26 residency: guangzhou

work experience: >1 year hukou: hunan province

current salary: 60,000-80,000 rmb /year

email: mobile:

type of employment: full-time

desired industry: finance/investments/securities , trading/import & export , banking , public relations/marketing/exhibitions , entertainment/leisure/sports & fitness

desired location: guangzhou

desired salary: 3,000-3,500 /month

desired position: investment banking specialist , international trade specialist/assistant , assistant merchandiser , merchandiser , english translator

language skills

english very good

self-introduction:

my name is frank wang, from the city of changsha, hunan province. i major in english and graduated from foreign language department, xiangnan university. now, i am applying for a job in your unit. hopefully, you can accept my application.

during my four-year study and working experience, i took advantage of this precious opportunity and tried to grasp every chance to acquire all kinds of knowledge, especially english. i have made rapid progress in learning basic english skills, including listening, speaking, reading, writing, and translating.

as an english major, my excellent oral english enabled me to have worked as a part-time english interpreter, i am capable of teaching college english students, doing simultaneous translation and guiding foreign travelers in tourism.

in addition, being enthusiastic and active in social activities, i bravely participated in english speaking contests, english drama contests, english tutoring and mastery of computer skills. although i have encountered numerous difficulties and failures, yet i made up my mind to go on with my pursuits. “no pains, no gains”, keeping this proverb in mind, i strived to bear any burden, met any hardship and stroke a balance between studies and activities. as a result, i accumulated tremendous experience and widened my horizon through lots of activities, which meanwhile promoted my studies.

“as a man sows, so he shall reap”. now it is the time for me to roll up my sleeves to begin my career. if you give me an opportunity, i will assure you of my determination and excellence in return.

专业英语中英文翻译 篇7

(1) 专业英语翻译人才市场现状

根据统计, 截至2011年底, 国有企事业单位在职专业翻译人员不足3万;通过全国翻译专业资格 (水平) 考试的人数为2.7万余人;翻译本科和硕士专业学位教育专业毕业生不足万人。另外, 目前从事翻译工作的大多数是无翻译专业资格的兼职者, 翻译的质量和水平参差不齐, 缺乏专业性和系统性。 (《翻译行业的现状与窘境》)

这样一支力量相对薄弱 (人数、翻译能力) 的翻译队伍难以适应国内各行业日益广泛的国际交流需求, 在一定程度上不利于我国“走出去”的发展战略实施和对外开放水平的进一步提高。

由此可见, 目前专业的高素质翻译人才较为缺乏, 是翻译行业所面临的一个很大的问题。而这个问题的产生, 与翻译专业学生的职业规划有着密切的关系, 因此有必要对这一问题进行深入的研究。

(2) 翻译专业发展沿革

到2014年, 全国有152所学校开设翻译本科专业, 拥有在校人数14693人, 有206所学校开设翻译硕士专业学位, 在校MTI学生20257人, 目前全国在读的翻译学研究以及和翻译学研究相关的博士研究生人数大约在90人左右。从数字上来看, 翻译学科和翻译专业取得较大的成就。

但是目前, 中国在读的外语本科生人数接近80万人, 其中58.7万人在读英语本科专业, 14693名学翻译专业的学生和接近80万人的学外语专业人才相比, 还是非常小的一个比例。 (中国翻译协会)

针对以上现实, 在我们的研究中将重点关注以下几个方面:翻译专业学生自身的职业诉求是什么?他们将来能否适应市场需求?能否充实我国专业翻译人才储备?

2前期调查

为了解在读翻译专业学生的职业规划情况, 我们设计了调查问卷进行了调查, 调查对象涵盖“985”、“211”、普通一本高校、二本三本学校以及高职高专的翻译 (英语) 专业学生, 通过纸质问卷及在线问卷的方式, 共收回1248份有效问卷。

通过这些问卷, 我们大体知道了现今在读翻译专业学生的职业规划情况。

在所有参与调查的学生中, 58%的学生已有职业规划, 67%的学生关注过目前的就业形势或信息, 但只有4%的学生认为翻译专业的就业形势乐观, 绝大多数学生认为本专业就业形势一般, 但能找到工作。而在对本科毕业后的规划, 只有22.6%的同学打算参加工作, 其他则决定读研或出国深造。尽管对翻译专业的就业形势普遍消极, 但大多数同学对将来从事工作的期望却并不低, 在参加调查的同学中, 52%希望在东部沿海城市工作, 24%希望在北上广工作, 近一半的同学对刚就职时月薪的期望在5000元以上。可是在所事工作与翻译专业是否对口的问题上, 仅有12%的同学希望未来的发展方向与本专业完全匹配。

根据问卷调查分析可知, 翻译专业学生对今后的就业问题都有一定的了解, 大部分同学已经有了职业规划也关注着现今的就业市场, 但绝大多数同学认为本专业的就业形势并不乐观, 选择本科毕业后工作的只占两成, 尽管如此, 大多数同学对将来从事的工作仍抱有较高的期望。而在2013年底知名教育数据咨询和评估机构“麦可思”公布的全国城市大学毕业生收入排行中, 尽管上海、深圳、北京位列前三, 排行第一的上海的2010届本科生平均月收入也仅为3869元。现实与理想间存在着很大的落差。

3基本原因探究

从数据中可以看出, 不愿将从事翻译行业纳入自己未来的职业规划中的翻译专业学生并不是少数, 而他们做出这样的选择可能受到了以下几个方面的影响。

首先, 学生们所在的学校对翻译专业的学生规划有一定影响。在参加调查的学生群体中, 既有来自国内知名语言类学校的学生, 也有来自师范类、财经类院校的学生。相比之下, 从语言类院校毕业的学生更倾向于在毕业后投身于翻译行业。而师范类院校翻译专业的毕业生则更愿意从事教育机构的培训工作, 财经类院校的翻译专业学生则更多地会选择从事与专业并不相关, 或与第二学位挂钩的工作。

其次, 学校教育和市场人才需求有一定脱节可能也会导致翻译专业毕业生求职不利, 从而使他们离开翻译行业转投其他行业。

在研究中可以发现, 多数学校的课程设置中, 将文学类作品的翻译和翻译赏析作为主要内容, 花了大量的精力在类似的课程上, 而对于机械翻译、法律翻译等非文学类的翻译则是带过, 有的学校根本没有非文学类翻译的课程设置, 有的学校甚至将翻译专业与英语专业简单地等同起来。

而在翻译实践中, 根据国内某著名翻译公司的数据显示, 在该公司平时所接取的翻译任务中, 非文学类翻译, 如法律文件、机械说明书所占的比重超过了百分之八十, 文学类翻译则仅仅占了很小的比重。

学校的教育偏向于理论性、研究性, 而实际的翻译工作中却更需要翻译类专业学生们接触他们不熟悉, 甚至根本不了解的内容, 这也为翻译专业学生在翻译行业的就业造成了一定的困难。

最后, 学生们自我定位过高也是导致如今现象的一部分原因。部分学生对翻译行业不够了解, 或者是了解翻译行业, 但由于认为薪水不符合自我的预期所以不愿从事。还有学生认为翻译工作的发展空间太小, 因此不愿意从事这一行业。

4建议解决方案

(1) 各个高校应该面向学科建设中国翻译教育

根据当前翻译学科建设成果和现状, 加强翻译学学科建设, 完善翻译人才培养方案和课程改制, 仲伟合教授提出从三个方面完成:首先完善中国翻译教育教学体系。现在虽然已经有了本科、专业硕士和博士学位, 但是高层次的翻译专业人才、高端的能够承担译审工作的, 不足千人。下一步应该论证、设置DTA, 即翻译专业博士, 逐步完善中国的翻译专业人才的培养体系。其次, 深化学科建设内涵, 转变人才培养理念, 改革人才培养模式, 加强学科建设, 完善课程设置, 推进教材编写, 注重教师培养包括建立高级访问学者项目和师资培训班在内的教师教育平台, 建设由学术研究团队、高级教授团队、人才管理团队组成的人才培养团队。 (中国翻译协会) 加强校校协同, 根据调查结果, 师范类和财经类学校的翻译教学应加大同知名语言类学校的联系, 取其长处, 结合自己学校的专业独特性, 发挥自己学校长处, 资源共享。

(2) 学界和业界应该加强合作, 翻译行业、协会与高等学校多方位合作, 校企协同, 共同促进中国翻译教育的发展。让翻译行业参与高校翻译人才培养方案和课程设置的制定, 和高校一起共建实习基地以及教学平台, 比如武汉传神翻译公司同华中师范大学翻译系长期合作, 建立了实习基地, 有助于学生的翻译实习;翻译以及语言相关行业应该制定并推行行业规范, 协调高校、企业、政府、相关管理以及政策制定部门之间的关系;负责翻译专业人才的培养高校, 除在培养学术性翻译人才方面继续大力投入, 还应重点培养应用型职业翻译人才和高级翻译管理人才, 为企业提供订单式培养人才。各高校还要关注翻译技术、本地化和行业的最新发展, 并融合到翻译教育教学过程中。

(3) 翻译专业学生应该对自我能力形成清楚认识, 学会自主了解市场行情和自我调解, 切忌自视过高或自愧不如。

深入市场, 了解需求和竞争, 抓准自己定位, 同时考虑影响就业的多方因素, 合理调整自己的职业规划。建议在做出职业选择时, 结合国家政策、区域特色、当地政府支持力度、个人长处和兴趣、未来发展方向和师长意见来选择。当然作为社会主义现代化建设中的青年, 在做出职业选择时, 不仅要考虑个人, 还应该考虑到社会国家, 以社会主义核心价值观指导自己的思想, 努力实现中国梦和个人梦想。 (人民网)

摘要：本文以问卷调查的方式, 从学生个人及学校课程设置等方面研究了导致现今专业英语翻译人才缺乏窘境的原因, 并为解决这一问题提供了建议和意见。

关键词：翻译人才,职业规划,缺乏

参考文献

[1]http://www.sirtrans.com/html/77.html《翻译行业的现状与窘境》

[2]http://www.tac-online.org.cn/ch/tran/2014-08/06/content_7121590.htm中国翻译协会

专业英语中英文翻译 篇8

【关键词】中职学校 学前教育专业 英语教学 英文歌曲

由于很多原因，导致很多学前教育专业的学生都是运用消极的方式来应对英语学习。如何对她们的英语积极性进行提高，让她们能够喜欢上英语课，并且能主动的参与到英语课堂教学中去，这是中职学前教育专业英语教师们一直都在思考的问题。当前很多教师都在尝试将英文歌曲运用到教学之中，这种方法较为实用。英文歌曲本身有着相当优美的旋律，并且有很多歌曲都有着较为轻松、愉快的节奏，这些歌区很容易吸引学生们的注意力，并且会让学生在不知不觉之中就会跟着旋律去哼唱。因此在课堂教学中运用英文歌曲，可以让课堂的教学效率得到改善。

一、在中职学前教育专业英语课堂教学中运用英文歌曲辅助教学的理论依据

1.第二语言习得理论。美国语言学家克拉申在其《语言习得与语言学习》以及《语言输入论》之中所提出来的理论，让英文歌曲在课堂教学之中使用具备了良好的理论基础。在克拉申的理论之中，认为语言习得的过程和儿童习得母语的过程是相似的。也就是在一种潜意识的情境之下，很自然的就能够习得各种语言知识以及语言技能。特别是对于外语的学习也是这样，通过英语歌曲的运用可以让一直都在汉语环境之下成长的学生，获得一种习得英语的环境以及氛围，让学生能够处于一种较为真实的、自然的环境之中去对外语进行学习。

2.认知规律。中职学生的心理特征是从形象思维逐步的向抽象思维进行过渡，因此对于直观形象的材料最为容易接受。在教学的过程中运用听、唱英文歌曲，能够营造出一种直观、轻松的课堂教学气氛，让学生能够处于一种没有压力的学习环境之下。因此，将英文歌曲运用到英语课堂教学之中与学生的认知规律相符合。同时学生在获得知识的过程中，也是逐步的从感性到理性认识的过程。将英文歌曲融入到教学之中，可以让知识变得更加的有趣，并能够将抽象与形象进行有机的结合，让学生在学习的过程中获得感性的题材，并在一个欢愉的气氛之中，逐步的掌握英语学习的真谛，并最终实现从量变到质变的学习效果。

3.情感基础。在教学的过程中，需要对学生的认知特点与变化规律进行研究与掌握，这样才有助于对学生的学习积极性以及主动性进行充分的调动，让学生可以获得全面的发展。大多学前教育专业的学生们虽然自制力不足，但是有着很强的模仿能力，并且爱唱爱跳。同时她们还对时尚和潮流非常地感兴趣，因此她们的学习成绩在很多时候都是看她们是否感兴趣。兴趣作为推动学习的重要内在力量，是学生开展学习的重要内在动力，同时也是学生开展学习的好老师。良好的兴趣可以帮助学生更好的认知事物，让学生在参与活动的过程中产生出积极的心理倾向。而英文歌曲则与学生的认知特点与身心发展特点相契合，也是广大的学前教育专业的学生所感兴趣的事物。因为有很多学生都有这样的想法：会唱英文歌曲很时尚。因此需要抓住学生的这一心理特点来开展英语教学。

二、英语歌曲在学前教育专业英语课堂教学中的运用

1.对英文歌曲资源进行提前搜集。在中职学前教育专业中，那些有着较强音乐节奏感的学生，通常都比较喜欢pop music、rock这一类的英文歌曲，并且能比较轻松的就学会这些英文流行歌曲，例如Lenka、Avril Lavigne、Owl City、Adele、Backstreet Boys、Linkin park等演唱的相当流行的歌曲。而教师也可以引导她们去搜集与课堂教学内容相关的歌曲，或者是去收集那些积极向上、对于她们的成长有着积极意义的英文歌曲，在课堂之上大家一起进行欣赏。

2.运用英文歌曲帮助学生学习语音与语调。在英语学习的过程中，“哑巴英语”是一种常见的现象。学生在学习的过程中不喜欢开口，也不喜欢听各种相关的听力材料，这在一定的程度上导致了他们大多数时候只会英语考试，而不能够流利的运用英语进行交流。在对英语进行学习的过程中，听和说之间是相辅相成的。如果在听的过程之中反映不够快，或者是对其中的某些词的意思并不是很了解，就导致他们不能够明白说话的内容。而适当的进行短语句型的口语训练，则可以帮助学生改善听力。从这里能够看出听和说的练习之间是存在有共同点的。英文歌曲不仅仅旋律优美，而且很多都有着轻松愉快的节奏，即使是最调皮的学生也能够哼几句。而这就为英语的听说训练提供了机会。

3.通过英文歌曲对学生的读写技能进行培养。在开展英语学习的过程中，阅读和写作技能的培养相当重要。在阅读过程中所遇到的各种单词、短语、句型，在理解吸收之后都可以作为写作的重要材料。

英文流行歌曲基本上都是倾向于日常生活之中经常出现的并且相对简单实用的。对英文歌曲进行学唱，可以对单词进行有效的学习和巩固。同时因为伴随有优美的旋律，可以有效的以唱促学。

三、结束语

总之，在中职学校学前教育专业的英语教学过程中，重要的是让学生在能够考得高分的同时，真正的能够用英语来进行简单的实际交流。英文歌曲本身在发音、语法结构等方面都有着较强的练习作用，合理的对其进行运用，可以让学生产生兴趣的同时学好英语。但是需要注意的是，所选择的歌曲要与他们的兴趣和水平相吻合，不要太难，要容易朗朗上口;歌曲之中的内容应该和教学内容进行结合;同时课堂之上所运用的歌曲也不能够太多，防止英语课成为了音乐课。

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