如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与

2024-08-23

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与(通用9篇)

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇1

范文:

In the face of fierce competition from international students and decline of local students’ interests in academic study, the government needs an effective plan to improve education quality of high schools. Undoubtedly, for any plan to take effect, the first step is to train teachers who are directly responsible for students’ study. In my mind, between options of training a few at first or training all of them online at the same time, the latter one must be a better strategy.

In consideration to efficiency, training all teaching staff online can help the government improve overall education quality in short time. Teachers usually have different schedules, so it must be difficult to have them together frequently in a seminar. Possibly, the compulsory training will arouse complaints. However, thanks to the wide coverage of Internet, teachers can easily access training materials at any place and any time individually and flexibly. Moreover, as high school teachers, they must possess the consciousness and capability of studying on their own. Therefore, with all teachers starting to study at the first time, the process can be greatly simplified. On the contrary, it costs twice as much as time to train a few elite teachers who then convey what they obtain to peers back to school.

In consideration to effectiveness, training all teachers online together will generate an atmosphere of positive competition and cooperation. It is more encouraging that all teachers begin at the same starting point. There can be a private account for each participant that records his or her studying progress and ranks among peers. In addition, trainees of all schools can freely share their thoughts and get inspiration from each other on the giant cyber environment. Under peer pressure, teachers will become more involved and active. However, another proposal of selecting a few good teachers getting training will run into troubles at the initial stage. The problem lies in how to select the “good teachers”. It is difficult to set a convincing standard that is agreeable and acceptable to all. A foreseeable outcome might be the emerging of bias between those selected and unselected.

To sum up, the wise choice of the government to improve education must be providing online training to all teachers together.

The government wants to improve the education of high school, and there are two plans:

1 Choose a group of good teachers and train them first, and after that let them go back to their schools and train other teachers.

2 Provide training for every teacher online, with providing online materials and let them study individually.

这一天的独立写作重复7月10日的考题

1 the characters of online training

1) convenient and flexible

2) huge database of training materials

3) free discussion platform for all

2 teachers

1) busy schedule

2) strong study ability

3) competition

4) standard of good teachers

作者:Cindy

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇2

描述现象用到的表举例的词汇

首先,我们来讨论在描述现象时考生可能会用到哪些表举例的词汇。描述现象就是罗列客观存在的事实,写出经常出现在日常生活中人们熟知的普遍现象,适合它的表举例的词汇一般有三组。下面来逐一介绍。

1. such as/like

用such as或like来举例,是广大考生比较熟悉的,但是在使用时需要注意以下三点。

①Such as比like正式,在正式场合考生应尽量使用such as。

②在包含such as与like的句式中,such as与like之前的内容应是笼统的概念,其后所跟的是含细节的具体例子,比如在“Expert guidance such as help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation”(专业指导,比如给予备课经验和恰当的上课方法的帮助)中,expert guidance就是笼统的概念,而“help with … lesson implementation”就是含细节的具体例子。

③Like与such as中的as都是介词,其后应跟名词或动词的-ing形式,例如:Activities such as rock climbing, bungee jumping and parachuting are extreme sports. (像攀岩、蹦极、跳伞这样的活动都是极限运动。)

2. include与“range from … to …”

根据笔者的教学经验,很多考生都没有掌握include与“range from … to …”这两种引入例子的表达,特别是“range from … to …”。使用include与“range from … to …”,考生需要注意以下两点。

①在举例时,include与“range from … to …”可用一般现在时形式,也可用现在分词形式,考生可参考下文例句。

②“range from … to …”囊括的举例范畴可以很广。比如ranging from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation (从备课经验到恰当的上课方法),虽然例子中只出现了两种情况,但该用法表明可能还包括如何对付调皮的学生、如何与学生家长配合让学生的学习效率最大化等方面。考生一定要有意识地学习并使用像“range from … to …”这类更加高级的表达方式,而不是停留在自己已经熟知的套路上。

3. for example/for instance

提到表举例的词汇,相信大部分考生都会第一时间想到for example或for instance,甚至有些考生的一篇独立写作中会出现四五个for example,因为在托福独立写作中会有多个地方用到举例。从常理来说,这样会让评分人产生“审美疲劳”,而且也让人觉得考生的英语词汇不够丰富。《托福考试官方指南》要求考生在独立写作中体现syntactic variety (句法多样性)。鉴于此,笔者建议考生在考试中少使用for example或for instance。但如果要用这两种表达的话,需要注意:尽量将for example/for instance写成插入语,这样可以增加句法多样性。For example/for instance一般可插入到一个句子的主语与谓语之间。

为了使考生能更加直观地体会这类表举例的词汇的用法,笔者以TPO 26托福独立写作题目“孩子们选择与父母相同的工作比选择与父母不同的工作要好”为例,为考生举例说明。

例 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents’ jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents’ jobs.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

解析:对于这道题目,考生根据自己的想法做选择即可,可以选择agree,也可选择disagree,举例方法大同小异,笔者在此只讨论agree的情况。考生可以假设孩子与父母一样都选择教师这个职业,并提出可以从父母的工作经验中获得“备课经验与恰当的上课方法”。这是一个客观存在的事实,即描述现象。下面我们来看在描述这一现象时如何运用上文提到的举例词汇来举例。

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参考例句(such as与like):

①Expert guidance such as help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation may benefit children who are planning to become teachers.

②Children are able to acquire expert guidance from their parents, like course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

参考例句(include与“range from … to …”):

①The expert guidance that children will receive from their parents includes course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

②Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, including course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

③Expert guidance which children will receive from their parents ranges from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

④Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, ranging from course preparation to methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

参考例句(for example与for instance):

①Take, for example, expert guidance from their parents. Through discussions with their parents about problems and confusion concerning teaching, children are able to obtain help with course preparation and methodology for appropriate lesson implementation.

②Parents who are teachers, for instance, can give their children expert guidance on how to prepare courses and how to give lessons according to appropriate teaching methodology.

叙述故事用到的表举例的词汇

叙述故事就是描述真实发生的事件,这些事件可以是发生在其他人身上的,也可以是发生在自己身上的。叙述故事时用到的表举例的词汇有很多,在此仅讨论相对“高端”的illustrate/exemplify和deserve a special mention。

1. illustrate/exemplify

根据笔者的教学经验,illustrate与exemplify这两个词是大多数考生不太熟悉的,如果能将它们用好,必定会使文章增色不少。这两个词通常用来引出一个真实发生的事件,使用时需要注意以下三点。

①Illustrate与exemplify是同义词,都是及物动词,其宾语都是表观点的词,比如point等。

②为了体现句法多样性,在常用的“illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of … ” 表达中,可用by来替换with,可用the example of与the story about等表达来替换the case of,但要注意它们所用介词的不同。

③Exemplify可能会被考生拼错,写成examplify。它与example不同,是以exe-开头的,而不是exa-。偶尔的拼写错误无伤大雅,但是较多的拼写错误很有可能导致失分。

2. deserve a special mention

Deserve a special mention这个表达通常也用来引出一个真实发生的事件,使用时需要注意以下三点。

①在deserve a special mention中,冠词a可以省略,写成deserve special mention。

②为了体现句法多样性,在句型“When it comes to … , … deserve(s) a special mention”中,“when it comes to …”可用“speaking of …”来替换。另外在该句式中,考生要注意根据主句主语的单复数形式变换deserve的形式。

③还可以用“The case of …/The example of …/The story about … deserves a special mention”这个句式引出例子。需要提醒考生注意的是由于该句式中的主语是第三人称单数,因此deserve要相应变成第三人称单数形式。

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为了使考生能更加直观地体会这类表举例的词汇的用法,现以TPO16的托福独立写作题目“最佳的旅行方式是跟随有导游的旅游团”为例,为考生举例说明。

例 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

解析:对于这道题目,考生可以选择disagree,也可选择agree,举例方法大同小异,笔者在此只讨论disagree的情况。关于为何不同意,考生可以给出类似“导游会把游客带到商品价格极高的纪念品店”这样的理由,例子可举自己的亲身经历或亲友的经历,这些例证通常都是真实发生的事件,属于叙述故事。下面来看例句。

参考例句(illustrate/exemplify):Tourists are likely to be taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive. I will illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of my cousin Joseph, who went on a guided tour to France with a group of approximately 20 people last year. When they had finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a nearby souvenir store. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was far too expensive.

当然,关键词illustrate/exemplify所在的句子也可以选择被动语态,写成:This point can be illustrated/exemplified with the case of my cousin Joseph.

参考例句(deserve a special mention):When it comes to being taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive, my cousin Joseph deserves a special mention. Last year he went on a guided tour to France with a group of approximately 20 people. When they had finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was far too expensive.

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇3

选择学习时间短快速就业的专业:

1)快速经济独立

2)快速积累工作经验

选择学习时间长就业前景好的专业:

1)在就业市场中更具备竞争力

2)更好的职业长期发展,晋升

Your friends have the opportunity to choose either one of two types of major field of study, which one would you suggest your friend to choose and why?

1) A major that would allow him to complete and get a degree faster so that your friend could start working full-time sooner

Or

2) A major that requires many years of study but would provide him with more employment opportunities and job offers in the future.

范文:

The constant demands for more knowledge and skills bring the significance of education. Students need to be prudent while choosing a major in order to find a decent job after graduation. I will recommend to take the education program that enables students to apply a better job though costs more time to finish compared with the one with short study time but limited potential for career advancement.

Admittedly, to start working soon helps students to become financially independent or even reduce family’s economic burden. For some students, their families may have difficulties in paying the tuition fees and hence apply loans from the bank. It is meaningful for them to earn money and alleviate the financial pressure as early as possible. For instance, some people choose to take the training of computer programming which enables them to find a comparatively well-paid job in IT companies. However, there are other options to reduce economic burden, like part-time jobs and scholarship. People ought to make study or career plan with foresight.

To begin with, the long period of time invested in study enables students to grasp more knowledge and skills that are essential for them to be competitive in job market. Thanks to the fierce competition caused by population growth and education expansion, there are more candidates with excellent academic background competing in job market. Consequently, with increasing number of choices, employers gradually increase requirements in recruitment. From the perspective of students, the investment of time in academic study and self-improvement, which allow them to become candidates appreciated by potential employers, will be rewarded with a satisfied job offer. For example, students who have the perseverance to major in economics or finance which takes four years will find a job as banker or finance analyst, while those who want to begin working early and choose to study accounting for two years may just find a position as accountants. As we all know, the former job offers salaries three to five times higher than the later one does.

Secondly, it takes time for students to improve academic strength and have better understanding of their filed, which allow them to achieve long term development in career. Few people work in the same position from the very beginning to retirement, as most people expect promotion or otherwise they will be replaced by younger employees who accept lower salaries. To get promotion, one should possess stronger ability to study on their own and insight of the industry which cannot be acquired within short time. Take students majoring in marketing as an example. Not only do they need knowledge of advertising and brand building, but also they must be able to understand consumer psychology, cope with public relationship crisis, and do research on market trend. All these are necessary for them to be promoted from a common employee to manager, and even company partner. On the contrary, without years of accumulation in study, people can hardly be competent for promotion.

To sum up, a person with foresight will opt for the education program with promising career prospect and prepare for the long period of study.

托福独立写作:文化类话题解析 篇4

cultural differences 文化差异

cultural diversity 文化多元化

cultural treasures 文化宝藏

cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流

cultural reconstruction 文化重建

spiritual civilization 精神文明

heritage 遗产

achievements of art 艺术成就

tear down 拆除

humane historical sites 人文历史遗址

preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产

blueprint 蓝图

skyscraper 摩天大楼

high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼

city construction 城市建设

well-structured 结构良好的

crystallization 结晶

visual enjoyment 视觉享受

driving force 驱动力

reconstruct 重建

destruct 破坏

architectural industry 建筑工业

map out 制定出

city designing 城市设计

beautify our life 美化我们的生活

human civilization 人类文明

cradle of culture 文化摇篮

mainstream culture 主流文化

cultural traditions 文化传统

national pride 民族自豪感

local customs and practices 风土人情

attract people’s eyes 吸引人们的眼球

artistic taste 艺术品味

cornerstone 基石

be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系

adhere to the tradition 坚持传统

architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为

carry forward… 弘扬…

cultural needs 文化需求

reputation 声望

maintain the world peace 维护世界和平

artistic reflection 艺术反应

give publicity to… 宣传…

burden 负担

cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失

national identity and value 民族特性和价值观

remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解

symbol 象征

artistic standards 艺术水准

enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎

cultural devolution 文化退化

cultural insights 文化视觉

learn about the world 了解世界

a thrilling experience 一段令人激动的经历

abstract 抽象的

concrete 具体的

move somebody to tears 使…感动流泪

get relaxed and entertained 得到放松和娱乐

venue 场所

have its value 有自己的价值

inspiration 灵感

scope of knowledge 知识面

lasting artistic works 永恒的艺术作品

abstruse 深奥的

break with old customs 抛弃传统

carry down from generation to generation 代代相传

advocate the new lifestyle 倡导新的生活方式

entertainment 娱乐

be different from… 与…不同

direct experience 直接经验

echo 共识

satiate people’s psychological demands 满足心理需求

attach more importance to… 更重视…

spiritual enhancement 精神升华

a mirror of… …的一面镜子

determinant 决定性因素

eclipse 使…相形见绌

contribute to… 有助于…

a sense of cool and satisfaction 一种惬意的感觉

pastimes 消遣方式

nurture imagination 培养想象力

meditation 沉思

the essence of immortality 永恒的精髓

instructive 有启发性的

edification 熏陶

arouse one’s curiosity about something 引发某人对某事的好奇心

enrich one’s knowledge 丰富某人知识

托福写作备考要多练习

不少考生有这新的感受,当面对一个作文题时,觉得有话可说,可就是不知如何表达,其原因是头脑中所掌握的句式太少。好的句式要从阅读实践中不断吸收。有用的句式积累多了,表达就会更加自如。由于准备时间有不限,必须采取非常措施,以便尽快提高自己的应试水平,达到临考最佳状态。单纯的题海战术不可取,最好的办法是多研究历年的真题,多利用真题中的语言材料,通过消化吸收提高自己的应试水平和表达能力。譬如,语法结构和词汇题中就有不少典型地道的英语句式和表达法;完形填空题可以学习谋局布篇和用词;翻译中的划线句子多为复杂句、长句,更能为写作所用;阅读题中的评议材料更是取之不尽、用之不竭。另外,真题的难度也正好是与要求考生所要达到的水平相当,具有针对性。做题量不在多,关键在于做有心人,多多积累所见到的语言材料,反复背诵,才能把自己的努力体现到考试的最终得分上去。从现在做起,多一份积累,多一分信心,也就多一分胜算,不要漫无目标,茫茫然不知准备工作如何着手,最后什么也没抓着。

“多动手”不仅仅指要多写,更要在写完之后多比较才能找差距。写作文一定要写真题的作文,写完后与优秀典型的范文进行比较和对照,检查一下文章是否切题,行文是否连流畅,有无严惩的语法错误错误,是否包含提纲全部要点,用词是否广泛,句式是否有变化,练习时还要在35分钟之内限时完成,另外,更为有效的办法是背范文,对范文中的词语进行替换,句式进行改写,把优秀典型的范文译成中文,过几天后,再根据中文译成英文,看是否与范文一致。这样的练习进行几次之后,让自己都会惊喜。在学习范文的时候,内容并不重要,要学习其结构思路、语言表达,同时还要比较同一题型不同范文的写法,譬如第一段如何写,第二段,三段又如何写。通过横向的比较,对付这种题型的思路也就会自然而然地领会于心了。

托福写作注意控制字数

长篇文章让老师头疼的原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱,评议质量差。我国的作文题都是规定式作文(controlled writing)这跟国外考试(如TOEFL)不一样。因此,定作时必须按给定的提纲或提示去写,过于放任自由的做法是不可取的,更不要另有所图,滔滔不绝,这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题,稍不留神就会出问题。

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇5

独立写

童老师思路解析:

这道二选一,题干问的是哪个更能让新生“适应大学生活”。

选1的思路有:“一周的orientation”比“大一期间定期和学长/学姐见面”的用时更短;并且orientation的形式更正式,使得新生对新学校的了解更容易面面俱到;虽然通过学姐学长可能能知道一些更贴近生活的小知识,比如“哪家食堂的饭更好吃”,但这些并不是那么影响新生对新学校的整体适应。

选2的思路:(其实大方面还是这几个,只不过反过来说)

通过学姐学长可能能知道一些更贴近生活的小知识,比如“哪家食堂的饭更好吃”,这些可能是orientation里不会告诉新生但又很重要的信息;和学长学姐的直接沟通更亲切,并且在沟通的过程中也是一种对新学校适应的过程;虽然一周的orientation花费的时间更短,但我认为和学长学姐的长期沟通更有价值,比如,新生在整个第一学年难免会遇到无法预料的新的校园问题,那么和学长学姐长期保持联系能让第一时间找到一个能帮助他的人。作

In order to make freshmen adapt to college life, which one is more helpful?

1. Attending a one-week orientation or introduction program when you are in the university campus and it will begin before you have the classes.

2.Meeting regularly at your first year with a student in your major field who has entered the university for several years.

Task 1

摄影俱乐部的活动三选一:

1. Attend photograph show(看展览)

2. 听lecture

3. 参加trip拍照

Jojo老师思路解析:

可以选第三个,因为我平时很喜欢拍照,参加trip去拍照对我而言更有吸引力,也能使俱乐部的活动在我心中更meaningful。

解释:我可以用照片这种最直观的方式记录旅途的过程,即使trip结束了,但我只要看到这些照片,就会想到这次活动,对这整个活动的印象都会十分深刻。

Task2

是否同意Library应该只允许使用网络查资料而不能查 email和social website.

Jojo老师思路解析:

不同意。

理由:禁止check email和social website会使得图书馆的网络系统无法满足来学生们的需求,不能更好的为学生提供服务。

解释:因为现在的很多大学生,课余时间都会选择到图书馆学习、做作业,如果做作业时不能收发邮件和教授及时沟通,不能查看social website查阅更多资料,会让学生感到很不方便,因此无法满足学生们的需求,也失去了图书馆服务学生的意义。

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇6

The government can take a variety of actions to help protect the environment. Which one of the following do you think is the most important for the nation’s government to take to protect the environment?

1. Fund the research to develop environmentally friendly energy sources such as solar and wind energy.

2. Preserve the natural places like forests and protect the animals that live there.

3. Enforce laws to prevent the pollution of air and water by large companies.

童老师:

选第三个“Enforce laws to prevent the pollution of air and water by large companies.”。理由从以下2点:

1.(让步段,从空气和水污染问题来说明)虽然清洁能源和保护森林动物也很重要,但新鲜的空气和干净的水是与人们日常生活联系最紧密的,最急需的。可以举例城市雾霾的例子。

2.(从大公司的角度来说明)并且,大公司的污染问题是现阶段最严重的,而通过行政执法来管控可以有效的解决此问题。

独立口语思路解析

Task 1

If you should work in a library, which work will you choose?

-Using computer to find books people need

-Reading books to children

-Organizing books on bookshelf

Task 2

The school is going to record the lecture of the film class and release it on the website the next day. Do you think it’s a good idea? Explain why.

如何提高托福写作:0702托福独立写作解析与 篇7

To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that_____. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning____.

As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that ____. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to _____.

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning that_____.

In conclusion, the arguer fails to _____. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that____. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about that____.

托福写作解析:经典高分句型

托福写作高分句型1、表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this.

2)The reasons for this are as follows.

3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

点击获取托福写作TPO真题系列资料【题目+思路+模板+范文】 5)The reason for this is that...

例如: There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

托福写作高分句型2、表示好处

1)It has the following advantages.

2)It does us a lot of good.

3)It benefits us quite a lot.

4)It is beneficial to us.

5)It is of great benefit to us.

例如: Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

托福写作高分句型3、表示坏处

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

2)It does us much harm.

3)It is harmfulto us.

例如:However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also

托福写作高分句型4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如: Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

托福写作高分句型5、表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

例如:The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.

托福独立写作如何正确审题 篇8

一.托福独立写作如何确定立意

选择论点内在一定要有联系。这其实是整个立意阶段的重头。要立意,就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么,明确立场。然后站在这个立场上,挑选支持自己的论点。

托福写作破题结束后,第二要做的重要事项便是整理行文思路。破题过程其实是个发散思维的过程,而立意,则是要把思维收回来,组织化,理清它的脉络纹路,让他们按照自认为最有说服力的顺序排列好,准备落于纸上的过程。

二.如何确定好的立意

这个说服力的强弱,应该以什么标准判断呢?笔者认为,能说服读者的议论,在论点选择上应该遵循一个原则:

三个(或者两个)论点不能在层面上有交叉,但要符合一条明线:支持全文观点。而最打动读者的论点选择,不仅遵循上面的原则,三个看似不交叉的论点间还有一条暗线贯穿一致。令全文浑然天成,回味无穷。

托福写作辅导提到立意的地一步,按照上面的原则看,当然是先确定观点。以题目为例,笔者愿意选择否,食物易于准备降低了人们的生活质量。第一步踏出去了。

确定观点后,破题时得到的思维方向,明显不利于我的就应该排除。比如营养价值改变这一条,虽然速食文化的确对人体有害,但另一项速食:生疏和熟粗粮,就是向有益方向改变的,两者势均力敌,仅管是很容易想到,也很容易举例论证的论点,却不宜使用,因为如此贸然用了,有思维不缜密之嫌。然而,这毕竟是一块好啃的骨头,如果其他论点都不好论证,还可以回头捡起这一条来,隐去健康速食那个事实进行作文,当然,这依然是下下之选。

如果想写出好的托福独立写作作文,我们首先要确定好文章的立意,这是写作的基础,也是最先要完成的一步。如果立意不够,可能会导致偏题,或者不知道如何开始写文章,立意确定的好,可以给写作指明方向,让写作的过程变的异常轻松

如何提高托福写作 这些最常见的语法错误不能有

自从托福机考开始在全世界普及之后,托福写作部分也随之引入了电子考官(e-rater)进行写作评分。电子考官相较于普通考官,在托福写作的语法评分上表现得尤为苛刻。也正因如此,同学们在准备托福独立写作的时候,语法部分千万不能掉以轻心。

虽然很多同学的语法知识还算扎实,但在长期的教学和作文批改中,我发现同学们在应用过程中,常犯的语法错误还是挺多。其中最为普遍的就是以下句子里出现的错误。讲解之前,希望大家可以拿出纸笔,先自己试着改改。

1.A movie that inspires deep emotions.

2.I studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.

3.Me and my brother are majoring in sports management.

4.Collecting seashells are my hobby.

5.Printed books are limited in space, however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.

6.There are many people prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.

7.A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher.

8.Education for kid can be very costly.

找到它们的错误了吗?改好后,我们来看看答案,看看自己做得怎么样吧!

(注意:以下只给出了一种改正方法,但实际上可以有多种修正方式。理解错误原因是关键。)

1.A movie that inspires deep emotions.

2.I studied all night for the midterm, so I’m sure I got an A.

3.My brother and I are majoring in sports management.

4.Collecting seashellsismy hobby.

5.Printed books are limited in space; however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.

6.There are many people who prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.

7.A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher’s.

8.Education for kids can be very costly.

对完答案,感觉怎么样?这个小练习我在课堂也经常做,通常来说,全部做对的同学较少,总有几句会有点问题。如果你全找对了,那你的语法功底很不错,恭喜你!如果没有,也不用灰心,这些问题都是可以改正的。只要你在意识到问题后,练习中自己多加注意并总结,就会有进步。

那说到底,这些句子的具体问题到底是什么呢?不用着急,接下来我们逐句分析。

01 Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragments,句子缺成分,就是指一个句子没有完整,通常来说,可能会缺失主语、谓语、宾语,有时也可能缺失从句或主句等等。

错误:A movie that inspires deep emotions.

这个句子本质上是缺失了谓语和宾语,去掉枝叶留主干,我们会发现这个句子只剩下A movie这一个主语,而没有其他构成句子所必需的谓语。补充完整可以是,A movie that inspires deep emotions seems good.

当然,也可以把that去掉,避免从句的结构,这样句子也是完整的,比如A movie inspires deep emotions.

托福写作中,同学们在短句中一般不会出现这样的错误,但是在写较长的句子,比如复合句等,有时因为添加太多修饰成分,会忘记主句并没有写完,导致出错。这点需要引起注意。

02 Run-on Sentences

Run-on Sentences,中文没有特别合适的翻译,指的就是两个或多个独立完整的句子,直接用逗号连接在一起,没有添加连词或者使用合适的标点符号。有时也被叫做comma splice。

这类错误在批改的学生习作中很常出现,也是较为严重的语法错误,希望同学们引起重视。

错误:I studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.

这句话就是一个典型的run-on sentence。逗号前后都是完整独立的句子,用我们中文翻译就是“我所有的夜晚都在为期中考试学习,我很确定我得了A。”翻译看起来似乎完全没有问题,这是因为中文的语法没有太多对句间连接的规则,可以用逗号去连接所有的句子,这也是为什么会有“一逗到底”这样的写法出现。但在英文中,标点符号有它们明确的功能性,而句子不能仅用逗号去连接,“一逗到底”这种写法也是万万使不得的。

通常一个run-on的句子,我们有以下五种方法去改正:

a.把逗号换成句号。

I studied all night for the midterm.I’m sure I got an A.

b.用连词(常见连词FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)去连接。

I studied all night for the midterm, soI’m sure I got an A.

c.把逗号换成分号。

I studied all night for the midterm;I’m sure I got an A.

d.逗号换分号之后,再加连接副词(however, therefore, etc.)

I studied all night for the midterm; therefore,I’m sure I got an A.

e.把其中一句变成从句,改成复合句。

BecauseI studied all night for the midterm, I’m sure I got an A.

03 Pronouns

代词因为可以替代前面出现的名词,大大简化句子,避免重复以及增强连贯性,因而很推荐学生们在文中使用。但代词的正确使用,也是同学们在托福中较常出现的问题。

错误:Me and my brother are majoring in sports management.

这句话中,Me作为“我”的代词,使用错误。一个代词的正确使用,首先需要注意它在句子中的作什么成分,主语?宾语?确定之后,再用相应的格式。

在错误句子中,“我”是做主语,所以应该换成I,而我们在讨论有其他人存在时,要先说其他人,所以正确的表达是My brother and I are majoring in sports management.

一句题外话,有同学可能会问,这里为什么是are不是am?很好的问题。这就是主谓一致的问题,可以补充下:当主语是用and连接的两者,那么谓语动词用复数形式。

04 Subject-Verb Agreement

主谓一致性。每句话中都会有主语和谓语动词,和中文不一样的是,在英语表达中,谓语动词是必须随着主语的变化而随之变化的。

一般同学们在这部分问题不大(复数主语的动词不加s,第三人称单数的动词需要加s),但有些情况同学们容易搞混,比如前面给出的错误句子。

错误:Collecting seashells are my hobby.

这里需要注意的是,动名词(gerunds)即-ing,做主语,谓语动词通常是单数形式。

Colleting seashells is my hobby.

Writing letters is no longer necessary.

主谓一致这个话题其实除了动名词以外,还有很多细节和不同情况可说,但受篇幅所限,这里就不再展开。

05 Transitional Adverb

连接副词,也是在写作中很青睐的逻辑连接词,比如however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, thus, hence 等等,都是非常好用,也能增加连贯性的词汇。但在使用中,同学们有时会把它们当做连词(conjunction)去直接连接两个句子,实际上,它们都是副词(transitional adverb),在使用中需要和分号或者句号来使用。

错误:Printed books are limited in space, however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.

通过前面的讲解,所以上面这个错误很明显,就是however和逗号连用,本质上成了我们第二点所提到的run-on sentence,那么改法就和第二点里说到的五种方法一样了。最简单的,就是把中间的逗号改成分号,即Printed books are limited in space; however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.

06 There be

There be句式是同学们常用的一个句式,但在使用中需要注意的是,there be这里面已经包含了动词be,所以在后面继续添加动词时,需要使用从句,或者改成非谓语动词。

错误:There are many people prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.

比如这句里面,prefer就是这句的第二个动词,应该进行改动。

正确:There are many people whoprefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers.

正确:There are many people preferringto wear clothes made of natural fibers.

07 Comparison

比较对象一致性,这点也是在写作中比较常遇到的问题。因为托福写作通常会有二者比较,甚至三者比较,那么同学们在写作中,进行两者的优缺点比较的时候,尤其要注意自己是否做到了比较对象的一致。

错误:A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher.

这个句子就是错将“医生的工资”和“老师”进行比较,正确的应该是“医生的工资”和“老师的工资”进行比较。即应该是:A doctor’s salary is higher than a teacher’s.

08 Countable Nouns

在英文中,需要注意区分的是名词的可数和不可数性。可数名词在使用中,如果是泛指(这在托福写作中尤其常用,当你想说明一个普遍的道理时,通常都会泛指引出),那么注意需要在此类名词前加不定冠词(如a/an)等,如果刚好不是指某一个,而是指一个群体,那么注意,需要用复数形式。这即是我们常说的“可数名词不裸奔”规则。

错误:Education for kid can be very costly.

这句话中kid就是可数名词,因为这里是说明“孩子的教育可能会很贵”,孩子在这只是泛指,因此kid应该改成kids,即正确的句子应该是:Education for kids can be very costly.

托福独立写作如何构思分论点 篇9

此方法的操作十分简便,只需记住下表1中的15个词语就可以了。从托福写作考试的题目范围来看,我们可以将这15个词语作为15条通用理由划分为两大类别,即:“事物类”和“人物”类。

“事物类”通用理由(7点):方便、经济、效率、耐久、安全、环保、空间

“人物类”通用理由(8点):经验、性格、乐趣、成就、健康、交流、情感、他人

表1:

. 汽车 吃饭 雇佣

好处 坏处 在家吃 饭店吃 年轻人 年长者

方便 √ × √

经济 √ ×

效率 √ × √ √× √×

耐久 ×

安全 × √ ×

环保 ×

空间 √ √

经验

性格

乐趣 √ × √

成就

健康 ×

交流 √

情感 √ √

他人

使用说明:

1. 将题目中的关键词(Key Word)填入“话题”一栏的第一格;

2. 简单的判断一下题型,从而决定“话题”栏中第二行的内容。如:“利弊评价型”题目可以将“好处”与“坏处”分别填入左栏与右栏(见表1第一题);“比较选择型”的题目可以将选项分别填入左栏与右栏(见表1第二题与第三题);“判断型”题目则将“同意”与“不同意”这两方观点填入两个栏里。

3. 依次考察事物类与人物类理由与话题栏中关键词的关系。“利弊评价”题目中满足好处则在栏内打勾,坏处打叉;“比较选择型”题目则在相应的选项之下用勾、叉表明好处与坏处。

实际应用举例:

1. Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific details and reasons to support your response。

题目:有些人认为汽车改善了人们的生活。另外一些人则认为汽车造成了严重的问题。

你的观点是什么?

本题是一道典型的“利弊评价型”问题,即评价汽车对于生活的好处与坏处。依照上文指示,我们可以将“好处”与“坏处”分别填入“话题”栏中第二行,然后依次向下寻找可以满足作答的理由。

首先,汽车使人们的出行更加方便,这是一个不争的理由,所以在“好处”一栏里打勾;同时,汽车为人们的生活带来的效率,加速了生活节奏,这一点也很明显,打勾。当然,拥有汽车的家庭可以经常出门自驾游,男女老少共聚一车,齐享天伦之乐,增进了家人间的情感。而汽车的出现还使得人们的出行活动具有了一定的私密性,不至于情侣间的蜜月旅行还要挤在一个人声鼎沸的火车车厢内,所以,“空间”方面汽车也有明显的好处。由此可见,汽车具有“方便”、“高效”、“增进人际情感”和“空间私密”多项优点。

其次,让我们来看一下汽车的坏处。首先,世上没有永恒使用的汽车,也就是说汽车的耐久性是一个很头疼的问题,有车一族总要受到维修、保养的事务的烦扰;当然,安全性就更不必说了,任何交通事故的例子都能用来证明这一点;而与安全性紧密相连的便是汽车给自然环境空气质量、所带来的一系列问题,都可以归纳至环保类问题,最后,便是对人们身体健康的威胁,开车久了,造成很多慢性疾病,想必这一点也会是一个很好的例证。综上所述,汽车具有“耐久性差”、“安全系数低”、“不环保”以及“威胁人们健康”这四类问题。

细心的同学可能已经发现了,我们在刚才的讲述中遗漏掉了表格中的几点内容。没错,这就是通过本题折射出的这一方法的特点之一:同一理由既可以作为“好处”又可被当做“坏处”进行论述。比如说“乐趣”的问题,开车为人们提供了驾驶的快感,驰骋的乐趣,家人共同出行的甜蜜时光,这些好处都是其它交通工具所不可比拟的;而另一方面,汽车由于自身的易坏性使得很多有车一族很是苦恼,整日修理,谈何快乐,尤其是加之堵车这一严重而又频繁的问题,更是使得开车上了成为了很多驾驶者的梦魇。

我们再来练习一道试题:

2. Do you prefer to have a meal at home, or in a restaurant? Why? Use specific details and reasons to support your response。

题目:你愿意在家中吃饭还是去餐馆用餐?为什么?

这是一道典型的“比较选择”型问题。我们首先来把比较的话题——“吃饭”——填入“话题”栏第一格中,然后将作为比较对象的两边事物——“在家吃”和“在饭店吃”——分别填入下方两个空格内。

与上面一道题目相同,本题也折射出了该方法的另一个主要特点:一边的好处即另一边的坏处。所以考生在实际写作时可以采用对比论证的方法,正反都可以写,从而使得文章含义饱满、还可以在很大程度上扩充篇幅。如“方便”这一理由,在饭店吃饭不用买菜、不用前期准备、不同亲自烹饪、尤其是不用洗碗,吃晚饭拍拍屁股走人,你说方便不方便?而家里就不同了,什么过程都得自己亲自去完成。所以,若我们选择“在饭店吃”,既可以从正面角度论证方便性,同时也可以将“在家吃”不方便的特点数落一番。还有“经济”的问题,“在家吃”原材料购买成本很低,很省钱,而饭店里吃一顿饭往往花销明显高于自己动手做,所以也可以同时采取“正”、“反”两方面都论述的手法进行写作。“效率”一条同理。其它理由不具备这一特征,因此依照第一道例题的方法进行旧可以了,只需论证“二者”各自的好处即可,在此笔者不再赘述。

3. Is it better to hire young people as employees, or is it better to hire old but experienced workers? Use specific details and reasons to support your response。

题目:是雇用年轻人当员工好,还是雇用上年纪但有经验的工人?

这又是一道“比较选择”型的题目,其分论点的推导方法与上面的第二题基本相同,因此笔者就不浪费大家的宝贵时间过多赘述了。但有一点是值得注意的,那就是我们的“15通用理由”方法的最后一个特征:在有些题目中部分理由可同时用来说明一样的观点,即两端事物在同一理由下均各自成立。如在这道题中两种人群都可以具有“效率高”的解释。年轻人有活力,节奏快,头脑反应灵敏,接受新鲜事物也快,因此很有效率;而有经验的老员工由于职场经历丰富,对所做工作轻车熟路,不用岗前培训即可马上进入工作状态,因此也具有高效的特征。同时,一方的优点也可以被论证为对方的缺点,非常灵活。

以上便是对于“15条通用理由”使用方法的解析以及在具体考题中的实践案例,请同学们认真研读,同时依据此法做一些巩固性训练,方可掌握其精髓,从而在考场上为自己打开思路,争取时间。下面笔者再为各位考生介绍一种在思路上与“15条通用理由”具有异曲同工之妙,而在使用方法上却更加简便灵活的方法。

方法2:核心词对称联想法

顾名思义,所谓“核心词对称联想法”就是利用一组给定的特殊词汇(表2中左侧词语)自然地联想到另一组词汇(表2中右侧词语),同时两组词汇互相配合共同作为用来破解题目的“万能理由”,为考生打开思路。需要说明的是,考生在记住第一组9个词汇的基础上不需要太多刻意的记忆,只需通过一般的逻辑规律——或曰生活常识——便可自然地联想出第二组词汇了,详情请见表2。

与“15条通用理由”相比,“核心词对称联想法”具有记忆负担小、使用更灵活的特点。

表2:

记忆规律:

头脑(学习)技能;环境(改变)健康;社交(对应)竞争;

年龄(面对)压力;权利(对应)责任;团队(需要)信任;

就业(要求)效率;文化(对应)传统;金钱(带来)享受。

实际应用:

例题1:

Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improve the way people live?

题目:如今,事物变得更容易准备。这一变化是否改善了人们的生活方式?

在表2的词汇中发现了7条与本题作答具有一定关系的词语,发散如下:

·技能:年轻人不会做饭,只靠简单烹饪度日,缺乏必要生活技能,影响生活——负面效应

·效率:食物快速准备,提高生活效率、工作效率——正面效应

·社交:家人不再一起下厨,缺少了家庭的甜蜜时光——负面效应

·健康:易准备的食物有很多属于冷冻类或罐装类食品,不够健康——负面效应

·文化:厨艺渐渐远离新一代年轻人的生活,中国博大精深的饮食文化可能会流失——负面效应

·享受:好的饮食、亲自烹饪的新鲜佳肴给人们带来的享受感越来越少了,生活乐趣降低——负面效应

·金钱:食物“容易准备”往往意味着直接购买半成品、冷冻品或熟食,这些商品比自己买菜更花钱——负面效应

例题2:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier to succeed today than in the past。

题目:你是否同意“今天比过去更容易成功”?

这一道试题我们可以利用“核心词对称联想法”分别从正、反两方面思考,大家不论选择“同意”还是“反对”的立场,通过此法都会有话可说。请仔细阅读以下的推理演绎。

若采取同意的观点(即现在容易成功),可以推出以下理由:

·头脑:现在人们受教育程度明显比过去普遍增高,相对更聪明,更容易成功。

·技能:现代技术进步给成功提供了物质基础和技术保障,有助人们成功。

·社交:现代社会社交面宽了,人脉资源丰富,信息获取渠道增多,因此容易成功。

·压力:社会竞争、优胜劣汰所带来的压力越来越大,因此现代人生活与工作更积极,也更容易催生成功。

若采取反对的观点(即过去容易成功),可以推出以下理由:

·竞争:过去的竞争没有现在激烈,行业密度、人情关系没有今天这般复杂,因此容易成功。

·环境:过去生活较为单调,诱惑、娱乐比今天少,人们可以把精力较多的集中在自己的追求上,因此容易成功。

·团队:过去生产力水平低下,人们注重合作,因此更容易成功。

【托福培训-写作】万能分论点

首先,对时尚外表的关注可以帮助我们的Career preparation吗?注重外表,关注时尚反映一个人的生活品味,个人气质会提升,进而引起人们的关注,这自然会为自己带来意想不到的工作机会,进而发展自己的事业。你可以举例,_就是因为平常对时尚的关注,注重外表,气质好,给人印象深刻,而在面试中脱颖而出,成功地得到一份好的工作。

接下来从其他十个分类中,进行快速定位,寻找分论点。国家与文明,范畴很大,可以展开论述。就其中的公益和慈善方面,可以举例。由于人们以时尚的关注,还能帮助他人,比如最近的“犀利哥事件”,从一个普通的流浪乞丐,因为其与众不同的穿着打扮,引起人们的关注,进而帮助他与家人团聚,唤起了人们对弱势群体的关注,进而促进了社会和谐。

第三个“健康和安全”也能用,可以说人们对时尚外表的关注,自然会崇尚健康的护肤产品,保养品,要注意保持身材,就会关注健身,要穿用对人们身体好的布料做的衣服,进而提高了人的身体健康。

第四个,经济。人们关注外表和时尚,就会进行大量消费,可以用一组数据来证明,时尚业对经济的贡献。消费刺激市场,进而推动经济发展。

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